马克思宗教观与费尔巴哈宗教观的比较研究

发布时间：2018-03-08 16:01

本文选题：马克思　切入点：费尔巴哈　出处：《苏州大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：马克思宗教观是建立在辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的科学世界观和方法论的基础之上的。马克思对费尔巴哈宗教观既有继承又有超越。马克思宗教观的转变是一个渐进的过程,由有神逐渐向无神、由唯心主义无神论向唯物主义无神论逐渐转变,最终形成历史唯物主义的宗教观。马克思宗教观的哲学基础是辩证唯物主义世界观和历史唯物主义世界观。它具有丰富的思想资源。它批判继承了黑格尔宗教观、费尔巴哈宗教观、斯宾塞宗教观、孟德斯鸠宗教观,创立了辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的宗教观。马克思宗教观的内容十分丰富,包括宗教的起源、宗教的本质、宗教的功能和宗教的消亡等内容。马克思宗教观具有对待宗教态度的历史唯物性、审视宗教发展的辩证唯物性、开展宗教批判的革命实践性、解析宗教功能的对立统一性等特点。他认为宗教发展具有辩证唯物性,符合事物运动与变化、发展的规律。宗教不仅具有形成、存在、发展、消亡的历史必然性,还具有宗教批判的革命实践性和宗教功能的对立统一性,他认为宗教既是人类的精神文明成果、社会稳定剂,又是人民革命意志的麻醉剂,宗教消解着人民的革命性。费尔巴哈宗教观以人本主义和无神论为依据彻底否定了宗教和上帝超自然的神圣性和神秘性,揭示了宗教的属人本质。费尔巴哈宗教观同样具有渐进的转变过程,首先对法国启蒙无神论的超越,在德国最终完成宗教批判,从唯心主义宗教观向唯物主义宗教观的转变,形成费尔巴哈人本唯物主义宗教观。费尔巴哈宗教观的哲学依据是人本主义理论,他对人的本质进行自然主义理解,对人的类本质进行抽象理解,费尔巴哈自我异化理论包括人的自我异化和世界的自我异化。黑格尔宗教观、培根宗教观、斯宾诺莎宗教观和培尔宗教观是费尔巴哈宗教观形成的思想渊源。宗教的本质即神是人的本质的异化是费尔巴哈宗教异化观的重要特色与标志之一。费尔巴哈宗教观的哲学基础虽然是建立在无神论基础之上的唯物主义,但其唯物主义立场具有不彻底性。马克思与费尔巴哈宗教观既有分歧,又有契合,更有超越。马克思与费尔巴哈关于宗教与人的关系的契合体现在都认为人创造了宗教,否认宗教创造了人,都是唯物主义宗教观,费尔巴哈人本主义宗教观对马克思有着积极的影响,促使马克思对黑格尔的唯心主义体系发生动摇,使马克思认识到人本学的人及其宗教批判的意义。马克思对费尔巴哈人本主义进行了批判,马克思与费尔巴哈对宗教本质具有不同理解,费尔巴哈只是从认识论的角度揭示了宗教产生的根源,没有认识到宗教产生的社会根源。马克思从历史唯物主义的角度揭示了宗教产生的根源,马克思认为宗教产生的社会根源是国家和社会的异化,认为宗教产生的根源是劳动的异化。费尔巴哈对宗教批判具有不彻底,虽然费尔巴哈深刻批判基督教神学,但是费尔巴哈反对宗教神学不反对宗教本身。马克思批判宗教具有彻底性,马克思用鸦片说对宗教进行了彻底的否定,认为宗教必然消亡。在宗教产生的根源上马克思超越了费尔巴哈,马克思认为宗教产生的根源不是人们的愚昧和无知而是社会物质生活条件。在宗教本质上马克思超越了费尔巴哈,费尔巴哈从纯粹的自然人出发阐述宗教是人的本质的虚幻反映,马克思从社会的人出发阐述宗教是人的世俗社会虚幻反映或颠倒反映,马克思批判费尔巴哈不了解人的社会性和忽视人的历史的、实践的活动的重要性。在宗教哲学上超越了费尔巴哈,马克思用科学的实践的唯物主义取代费尔巴哈抽象的直观的人本主义。马克思在对待宗教的哲学方法上超越了费尔巴哈。马克思在宗教社会功能上超越了费尔巴哈,马克思阐述了关于宗教在阶级社会中的政治功能:宗教是人民的鸦片。马克思认为宗教是颠倒的世界观。马克思扬弃了费尔巴哈人本唯物主义宗教观、宗教异化理论和半截子唯物主义宗教观,确立实践唯物主义宗教观、历史唯物主义宗教观以及辩证唯物主义宗教观等新唯物主义宗教观。马克思新唯物主义宗教观是人类的精神财富,丰富了人类社会宗教文化理论宝库,促进了当代社会交往和文化交流,启迪人们理性地、科学地对待宗教,启迪人们包容、汲取、继承、批判、发展宗教,指导了中国化马克思主义宗教理论的形成、发展与完善,是中国共产党制定正确宗教政策的重要理论依据。
[Abstract]:Marx view of religion is based on scientific world outlook and methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism theory. Marx Feuerbach view of religion both inheritance and transcendence. Transformation of Marx's view of religion is a gradual process, by God to God, from idealism to materialism atheism gradually atheism change, and ultimately the formation of historical materialism view of religion. The philosophical foundation of Marx religious view is the world outlook of dialectical materialism and historical materialism view of the world. It has rich ideological resources. It has inherited Hagel's view of religion, Feuerbach Spencer view of religion, religious view, Montesquieu view of religion, founded the dialectical materialism and historical the materialist view of religion. Marx's view of religion is rich in content, including the origin of religion, the essence of religion, the function of religion and religion The demise of the contents. Marx's view of religion with historical materialism attitude towards religion, dialectical examination of religious development, carry out the revolutionary practice of religious criticism, analysis of religious feature of unity of opposites. He believed that with dialectical materialism of religious development, in line with the movement of things and change the rules of the development of religion not only has. The formation, existence, development, historical inevitability of death, also has the revolutionary practice of criticism of religion and religious functions of the unity of opposites, he believes that the achievements of spiritual civilization, religion is human society and people's revolution is an anesthetic agent, will dispel people's revolutionary, religion. Feuerbach view of religion with humanism and on the basis of atheism completely negate the religion and supernatural divine holiness and mystery, reveals the human nature of religion. Religion has the same asymptotic Feuerbach The transformation process, first of all to surpass the French Enlightenment atheism in Germany, the final completion of the critique of religion, change to materialism view of religion from the idealism view of religion, the formation of Feuerbach's humanistic materialism view of religion. Religion is the philosophical basis of Feuerbach theory of humanism, he of human nature of human understanding of naturalism. The essence of the abstract understanding, Feuerbach's self alienation theory including self alienation and self alienation of the world. Hagel Bacon view of religion, religion, religion and religion of Spinoza Bayle is Feuerbach religion origin formation. The essence of religion that God is the alienation of human nature is one of the important characteristics and religious symbol of Feuerbach the concept of alienation. The philosophical basis of Feuerbach religious view although is built on the basis of atheism and materialism, but its materialist stand The field is not thorough. Marx and Feuerbach are both religious differences, and fit, more than Marx relationship with Feuerbach about the religion and the people that are reflected in the agreement created a religion, deny religion created, are materialistic view of religion, Feuerbach's humanistic view of religion has a positive the influence of Marx, prompted Marx to Hagel's idealistic system shaken, make Marx realize humanism and religious criticism significance. Marx's critique of Feuerbach's humanism, Marx and Feuerbach have different understanding of the essence of religion, Feuerbach just from the angle of epistemology to reveal the sources of religion. The social roots do not recognize religion. Marx from the angle of historical materialism reveals the sources of religion, Marx believes in The social roots to produce alienation of state and society, that the sources of religion is the alienation of labor. Feuerbach on the critique of religion is not thorough, although Feuerbach criticized Christian theology, but Feuerbach opposed to religious theology is not opposed to religion itself. Marx's critique of religion is thorough, Marx used the opium that religious thoroughly no, that religion in the inevitable demise. The sources of religion Marx beyond Feuerbach, Marx believes that the sources of religion is not the people's ignorance and ignorance but the social material living conditions. In the essence of religion Marx beyond Feuerbach, Feuerbach from the purely natural man of religion is the essence of the illusory reflection, Marx from the person of the society of religion is the secular society reflect the illusory reflection or upside down, Marx Feuerbach did not understand the criticism of social and historical neglect of people, the importance of practical activities. In the philosophy of religion beyond the Feuerbach, Marx used the scientific practical materialism instead of intuitive Feuerbach abstract humanism. Marx surpassed Feuerbach in philosophy toward religion. Marx surpassed Feuerbach in the social function of religion, Marx describes the political function of religion in the class society: religion is the opium of the people. Marx thinks that religion is the upside down view of the world. Marx abandoned the Baja Phil the materialism view of religion, religious alienation theory and half the materialism view of religion, the establishment of practical materialism view of religion, history the religious view of materialism and dialectical materialism view of religion and other new materialism view of religion. Marx is the new materialism view of religion The spiritual wealth of human society, enriches the theory of religious culture, promote the contemporary social communication and cultural exchanges, enlighten people rationally, scientifically dealing with religion, inspire people to learn, tolerance, criticism, inheritance, development of religion, the formation of Marx Chinese guiding socialist religious theory, development and perfection, is an important the theoretical basis China Communist Party to formulate correct religious policy.

【学位授予单位】：苏州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：A811

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