职业安全权研究

发布时间：2018-03-19 19:41

本文选题：职业安全权　切入点：劳动法　出处：《吉林大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：产业革命以来,职业灾害的预防和消解成为劳动生活的重要内容。英国作为世界上第一个实现工业化的国家,在取得伟大成就的同时也付出了惨痛的代价,工人们的劳动环境不断恶化,身体素质持续下降,社会陷入混乱与动荡,劳动者的职业安全成为重大问题。19世纪上半叶的英国被称为“一个犯罪暴力冲突四处蔓延难以遏制的时代”。改革开放以来,我国的经济社会发生了翻天覆地的变化:农村劳动力向城市转移;劳动力市场一体化趋势明显;新兴产业蓬勃发展;劳动者素质不断提高。这些新变化给劳动者的职业安全权益保护提出新的挑战。职业安全不仅关系劳动者的生命与健康,涉及劳动者的家庭幸福,更影响劳动关系的和谐与社会的稳定。目前,关于职业安全权的内涵、外延、性质、地位等法律问题缺乏系统研究。为了进一步保护劳动者群体的职业安全,减少工业化的负面效应,有必要阐明职业安全权的基础理论,探索更为科学合理的职业安全权法律保护机制。本文从职业安全权的解释论入手,对职业安全权进行了多元解读。以职业安全卫生立法的发展历程为考察背景,可以看到职业安全权的产生并非一蹴而就,乃是需要社会因素的沉淀和积累。职业安全权的权利基础问题可以从权利的道德基础、权利的经济基础、权利的心理基础和权利的法律基础四个维度探寻答案。在明晰权利来源的基础上,以“权利”的概念为线索,通过要素分析的方式探索职业安全权的概念与特征,将职业安全权界定为劳动者依法享有的,以保障其人身安全和身心健康为目的,免受职场危险因素侵害的权利。职业安全权的权利构造决定了职业安全权的权能发挥。职业安全权的权利主体是劳动者,义务主体是用人单位和国家,保护对象为劳动者的人身权。当劳动者每享有一项职业安全具体权利时,相应地,用人单位就应承担一项职业安全具体义务。用人单位对劳动者职业安全权的保护义务并不是与劳动者忠诚义务相对应的附随义务,而是劳动契约的主给付义务。职业安全权的权利系统并非静止不动而是运动变化的,在不同时代具体内容不尽相同,但贯通其中的主线永远是劳动者的人身安全。劳动者职业安全保护的现实需要决定了职业安全权的法益构成,随着劳动者保护理念和人权保障水平的不断提升,劳动者在职业劳动中的心理健康也应逐步纳入职业安全权的保护范围,职业安全权的法益构成应当包含物质性法益与精神法益。职业安全权的实现需要法律机制的有力保障。本文所讨论的职业安全权的保障机制并非广义上的,而是狭义上的,仅指具有事前防范意义的、积极的保障机制。职业安全权的保障机制包括规范时间环境的工作时间规则,治理空间环境的职业安全设施管理机制,以及阻却职业劳动危险的抗辩权、避险权与解除权机制。职业安全卫生立法最初的内容就是工作时间规范,这是因为延长工作时间是资本家剥削工人最基本、最重要的手段,相应地,控制工作时间就成为保障劳动者职业安全权的首要任务。调查显示,我国各类企业中加班现象非常普遍,“身心俱疲”是许多劳动者的真实写照。法律规定的工时标准不可谓不先进,但落实情况却不尽如人意,探索问题的原因和解决之策是劳动法学的任务之一。职业安全权的设施管理机制攸关劳动者的安全与健康,进一步落实和完善相关主体的管理义务是保证劳动者职业安全权顺利实现的基本要求。抗辩权、避险权与解除权机制的功能是防范将要到来的危险对劳动者生命、健康、身体的伤害,我国劳动立法明确肯定劳动者的抗辩权、避险权与解除权。职业安全权遭受侵犯后的救济途径有待明确。首先,劳动者因职业劳动遭受伤害,用人单位的工伤赔偿责任属于民事责任的范畴,具有侵权责任和违约责任的双重性质,我国民事立法对劳动者职业安全权的救济力度不足,应予加强。其次,工伤保险机制是职业灾害事后补偿的重要机制,但我国的工伤保险机制不论程序上还是内容上均存在较大缺陷,不利于救济功能的发挥。再次,职业安全权的实现需要各方的共同努力,职业安全公益诉讼机制的建立有助于社会力量参与到劳动者职业安全保护中来,但其可能性和必要性需要进一步证成。最后,刑法是打击犯罪最为严厉的法律手段,将刑法引入职业安全卫生领域能有效遏制侵犯职业安全权的不良行为。我国刑法对劳动者职业安全权的保护是通过设立和修改相关罪名实现的,一是重大劳动安全事故罪,二是重大责任事故罪,三是强令违章冒险作业罪,四是不报、谎报安全事故罪。职业安全权的发展方向是精神法益保护之强化。当前,国际上关于劳动者职业安全问题的研究重心已经逐渐从身体健康转向心理健康。从权利发展的角度来看,职业安全权精神法益之强化将成为一个时代课题。为了更好地保护职业安全权的精神法益,必须努力消除影响精神法益实现的障碍因素。职场压力、职场暴力和职场性骚扰是劳动者精神法益保护面临的三大问题,会引发诸多不良后果:对劳动者的不利影响包括生理和心理疾病、不良的生活习惯、消极的工作态度等;对企业的不利影响包括劳动生产率的下降和经济成本的增加等;对社会的不利影响包括适龄劳动力的流失、医疗资源的非必要支出等。为了应对此类问题,一些国家颁布了相关法律,对于我国劳动者的职业安全权保护具有极大的借鉴意义。通过以上系统分析,本文得出结论:必须加强对劳动者职业安全权的保障力度,这既是劳动者生存和发展的需要,也是促进劳动关系和谐稳定,增加社会福祉的必然选择。
[Abstract]:Since the industrial revolution, the disaster prevention and resolution occupation has become an important part of life. The British labor as the first industrialized country in the world, the great achievements at the same time also paid a painful price, a worker's labor environment worsening, physical quality continued to decline, social chaos and unrest, the occupation safety of workers.19 has become a major problem in the first half of last century Britain was called "a crime of violence spread to curb era. Since the reform and opening up, happened to turn the world upside down changes in China's economy and society: rural labor transfer to the city; the trend of integration of labor market; booming new industry; continuously improve the quality of workers. These new changes bring new challenges to the protection of the rights and interests of workers. The occupation safety occupation security is not only the relationship between workers' life and health, and And their family happiness, social harmony and more influence of labor relations stability. At present, about the occupation security connotation, extension, characteristics, legal system research status. In order to further protect the lack of workers' occupation safety, reduce the negative effect of industrialization, it is necessary to clarify the basic theory of the right to an occupation. To explore a more scientific and reasonable occupation safety legal protection mechanism. The occupation safety on interpretation of the occupation safety of multiple interpretation. Taking the development of occupation safety and health legislation as the study background, you can see the occupation safety production is not overnight, but precipitation and accumulation of social factors right right. An occupation based from the moral basis of rights, the economic basis of rights, rights of the psychological basis and legal basis in four dimensions. Find the answer. Based on clear source of rights on the "right" concept as a clue, through factor analysis of the way to explore the concept and characteristics of an occupation of the right, the occupation safety is defined as enjoyed by the workers according to law, to ensure their safety and physical and mental health, workplace risk factors from encroaching on the right. An occupation rights structure solely determines the occupation safety power play. The subject of rights is solely an occupation workers, the main obligations of the employer and the state, target for the protection of personal rights of the workers. When the workers each have a specific occupation safety rights, accordingly, the employer should bear a a specific occupation safety obligations. The employer of workers occupation safety protection obligation is not full and the employee loyalty obligations corresponding to the collateral obligation, main payment obligation but the labor contract occupation. The right of the right system is not static but changes in different times, the specific content is not the same, but through the main line is always the personal safety of workers. The reality needs the protection of workers' occupation safety determines the occupation security law, with the workers and the level of protection of human rights protection idea constantly promotion of workers in the labor occupation in mental health should also be gradually incorporated into the scope of protection of the right to an occupation, occupation safety law which should contain material benefit and spiritual interests. Occupation security safeguard to realize legal mechanism. This is not an occupation guarantee mechanism of the right in general but, in the narrow sense, refers only to advance prevention significance, actively safeguard mechanism. An occupation time gauge safeguard mechanism of the right to the environment including the standard time, Occupation safety facilities management mechanism of governance of the space environment, and the anti occupation labor risk defense right, right and the right to terminate the hedging mechanism. The original content of the occupation safety and health legislation is the work time standard, this is because the extension of working hours is the exploitation of the workers the most basic, the most important means, accordingly, control the working hours has become the primary task of protecting workers' occupation safety authority. Survey shows that all kinds of enterprises in China to work overtime phenomenon is very common, "exhausted" is a true portrayal of many workers. The time standard law is advanced, but the implementation is not satisfactory, explore the cause of the problem and the solution is one of the labor law the task of safety and health occupation security facilities management mechanism about workers and management obligations to further implement and improve relevant subjects is the guarantee of labor The basic requirements of the smooth realization of the right of occupation safety. The right of defense, and the right to terminate the hedge right mechanism is to guard against the danger coming to life, health workers, physical injury, our labor legislation clearly affirmed the right of defense workers, hedge right and the right of rescission. Occupation safety relief after the infringement suffered to be clear. First, because of the occupation labor workers suffered injuries, with the compensation responsibility of the employer belongs to the category of civil obligation, with the dual nature of tort liability and liability for breach of contract, our civil legislation of occupation safety relief workers are inadequate and should be strengthened. Secondly, the industrial injury insurance system is an important mechanism of occupation compensation after disaster, but there are some defects of China's industrial injury insurance mechanism whether the program or content, is not conducive to the relief function. Thirdly, realizing the need of occupation The joint efforts of all parties, the establishment of occupation safety and public interest litigation mechanism contributes to social forces to participate in the occupation safety protection of workers in the past, but the necessity and possibility of further justification. Finally, the criminal law is the most strict legal means to combat crime, the criminal law is introduced into the field of occupation safety and health can effectively curb violations of occupation safety bad behavior. In criminal law of our country labor occupation safety right protection is achieved through the establishment and revision of the relevant charges, is a major labor safety accident crime, two is a major accident, the three chapter is forced against the dangerous crime, four is not reported about safety accident crime. An occupation development direction of the right is to strengthen the spirit of law. At present, the international research focus on employee occupation safety problems has been gradually from health to mental health from the perspective of the development of right, An enhanced full spirit of law occupation will become a topic of the times. In order to better protect the interests of the right spirit of an occupation, must try to eliminate the influence factors of the spirit of law implementation obstacles. Workplace stress, workplace violence and sexual harassment in the workplace is the three big problems of mental law faces, would lead to many adverse consequences: for workers including physiological and psychological disorders, bad habits, negative attitude towards work; the adverse effects of the enterprise including reduced labor productivity and economic costs increase; the adverse effects on society including labor loss, medical resources uncallable. In order to deal with this in some countries, the enactment of relevant laws, the Chinese workers occupation safety protection is of great significance. Through the above analysis, this paper draws a conclusion: will We must strengthen the protection of workers' occupational safety rights, which is not only the need for workers to survive and develop, but also the inevitable choice to promote harmonious and stable labor relations and increase social well-being.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D922.54

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