统一与多样—战后日本国立大学招生考试制度的演进

发布时间：2018-04-10 23:15

本文选题：日本国立大学 + 招生考试　；参考：《河北大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：日本是世界高等教育强国之一,拥有众多历史悠久、实力雄厚的国立大学。作为引领本国高等教育发展的主导力量,日本国立大学不仅承担着培养高级人才、促进科学研究的重要任务,而且还担负着确保入学机会平等、保障公民受教育公平的重要使命。在战后至今七十余年的改革与发展历程中,为应对产业经济的飞速发展和社会环境的急剧变化,日本国立大学不断改革招生考试制度,始终坚持以公平、科学、合理地选拔高素质人才为目标,以正确处理国家与大学、高中与大学、考生与大学等各方面关系为导向,不断改革招生考试形式、更新招生考试内容、调整招生名额分配方式,最终形成了特色鲜明的国家统一考试与大学自主考试相结合的复合型招生考试制度,并一直沿用至今。日本国立大学复合型招生考试制度不仅较好地实现了招生考试统一化与自主化的融合;而且也有效地兼顾了国家、大学、高中、考生等各方利益,为人才选拔和教育引导发挥了积极的作用。近年来,随着我国高等教育改革的不断深化,以扩大各大学招生考试自主权、推动招生考试多样化为宗旨的大学招生考试制度改革也被提上了日程,并且在部分地区和高校已经展开了改革试点工作。为加快推进招生考试制度改革,建立更为公平和高效的招生考试制度,我国不仅要立足国情实际,而且也需要借鉴国外改革的经验。本文即从这一现实状况出发,以日本国立大学的招生考试制度为研究对象,对其战后以来的改革与发展历程进行详细考察和分析,以求为我国大学招生考试制度的改革与发展提供有益的借鉴。战后日本国立大学招生考试制度共经历了探索、形成、多样化改革三个阶段。战后初期至20世纪70年代是战后日本国立大学招生考试制度的探索阶段。战后初期,日本在美国的主导下彻底改革并重建教育制度,重组并创设新制小、中、大学。在此基础上,日本国立大学开始了建立新型招生考试制度尝试和探索。在国家统一考试方面,日本先后尝试实施了“升学适应性考试”和“能力开发研究所考试”。虽然这两次考试均以失败告终,但为随后国家统一考试的确立奠定了理论及实践基础。在大学自主考试方面,为进一步保障考生的权益和增加入学机会,日本国立大学采取了考试科目选择制和Ⅰ、Ⅱ期分批招生考试等措施。虽然这些措施最终被取消,但却对其后的日本国立大学自主考试改革产生了深远的影响。20世纪70年代至80年代为战后日本国立大学招生考试制度的形成阶段。在总结上一阶段经验教训的基础上,日本从20世纪70年代初开始酝酿国立大学招生考试制度改革。在此时期,日本设立了独立的国家统一考试机构——大学入学考试中心,并于1979年开始正式实施“国立大学共同第一次考试”。同时,允许各大学在常规考试之外,以小论文考试、推荐入学等方式个性化、多样化地选拔优秀人才。虽然这一时期的改革难言成功,但是国家统一考试和大学自主考试相结合的基本制度得以形成和确立。20世纪90年代以后,日本国立大学复合型招生考试制度进入了多样化改革阶段。基于日本临时教育审议会于20世纪80年代发布的改革报告,日本掀起了战后“第三次教育改革”浪潮。国立大学招生考试制度成为此次教育改革的重点问题。首先,国立大学共同第一次考试改革为“大学入学考试中心考试”,并通过拓宽考试科目的选择范围、推进考试方式的灵活化等措施,实现了全体国立大学招生考试中国家统一考试的多样化和弹性化发展。其次,各国立大学自主考试也进一步向多样化、个性化方向发展。除常规考试及推荐入学方式外,还兴起了大学招生办公室选拔的方式,允许各大学发挥创意、自主设计招生方法和标准,以更好地实现对个性化、创新型人才的选拔。这一时期日本国立大学招生考试制度的改革成果一直沿用至今,未发生大的改变。战后日本国立大学招生考试形成了国家统一考试与大学自主考试相结合的基本制度,此外,还呈现出招生考试方式由单一走向多样、录取机会和途径不断增加等特点。但是,日本国立大学招生考试制度在国家统一考试和大学自主考试等方面也暴露出不少问题。深入分析战后日本国立大学招生考试制度的演进历程,总结其历史经验与教训,可为我国当前推行的大学招生考试制度改革提供参照和借鉴。
[Abstract]:Japan is one of the world's higher education, with many historic, National University of strength. As the leading force in the development of higher education in our country, the Japanese national universities not only bear the cultivation of high-level talents, promote the important task of scientific research, but also responsible for the entrance to ensure equal opportunity, guarantee the important mission of citizen education fair in the post-war period. Has more than seventy years of reform and development, for the rapid development of industrial economy to cope with rapid change and the social environment, the Japanese national university entrance examination system reform, always adhere to the fair, scientific, reasonable selection of high-quality talent as the goal, the correct treatment of the State University, high school and University, the the relationship between the candidates and the university entrance exam oriented, continuous reform, update the entrance examination content, adjust enrollment quota allocation, eventually forming The compound entrance examination system characteristic of the national examination and examination of university autonomy combined, and are still in use. The national university entrance examination system in Japan is not only the composite achieves a better integration of a unified entrance examination and autonomy; but also effectively take the country, University, high school, the interests of all parties and candidates for the selection of talents and education, play a positive role. In recent years, with the deepening reform of higher education in China, to expand the college entrance examination enrollment autonomy, promote the diversification of university entrance examination system for the purpose of the reform has been put on the agenda, and in some areas and universities have launched a pilot the work of reform. Reform the entrance examination system to speed up the establishment of a more equitable and efficient enrollment system, our country should not only based on the actual situation, but also need to learn from The reform of foreign experience. This paper is from the practical situation, the Japanese national university entrance examination system as the research object, carries on the reform and development of the post-war detailed investigation and analysis, in order to provide a useful reference for the reform and development of China's college entrance examination system. The national university entrance examination the system of Japan experienced a total of three stages of exploration, formation, diversification reform. The early postwar period to 1970s is the stage of exploration in postwar Japan national university entrance examination system. After the war, the Japanese in the United States under the auspices of radical reform and reconstruction of the education system, and create new business restructuring, in the University. On the basis of this, the Japanese national college entrance examination system began to establish a new attempt and exploration. In the national examination, Japan has tried to implement "school adaptability test" and "ability Research and development of the exam. Although the two test failed, but laid a theoretical and practical basis for the establishment of the unified state examination. In the examination of university autonomy, increased enrollment opportunities to further protect the interests of the candidates and the Japanese National University has taken test subjects were selected and I, II batch entrance examination and other measures. Although these measures were eventually cancelled, but the Japanese national university independent examination reform later had a profound impact in.20 century 70s to 80s for the Japanese national university entrance examination system formation stage. In summary on the basis of a stage of experience and lessons, Japan began brewing reform national university enrollment the examination system from the beginning of 1970s. During this period, Japan has set up a national unified examination institutions -- independent college entrance examination center, and in 1979 began to type The implementation of the "National University of the first examination. At the same time, allowing the University in routine examination, examination paper to small, personalized recommendation entrance way, diverse selection of outstanding talent. Although this period of reform can hardly be successful, but the basic system of the national examination and examination of university autonomy combined to form and establish.20 in 90s, the national university entrance examination system of composite Japan entered a stage of diversification reform. Japanese rinjikyoikushingikai released in 1980s report based on the reform, Japan launched a war" after the third education reform tide. National university entrance examination system has become a key issue in the education reform. First, the first National University jointly the examination reform for "college entrance examination" exam center, and through the selection of broaden the scope of the test subject, advance examination The flexible measures to realize the diversification and flexibility of the development of all the national university entrance examination in the national examination. Secondly, the National University of independent examination and further to the diversified, personalized direction. In addition to routine examinations and recommended admission mode, the University Admissions Office selection way also allows the rise of Creative University autonomous enrollment, design methods and standards, in order to better achieve the personalized, selection of innovative talents. The national university entrance examination system reform in Japan during this period are still in use, generating no big change. After the war the Japanese national university entrance examination has formed the basic system of the national examination and examination of the combination of university autonomy in addition, showing the entrance examination way from a single variety, features and ways of increasing the chances of admission. However, the Japanese National University Enrollment The examination system in the national examination and examination of university autonomy has also exposed many problems. Deep analysis of the evolution process of the Japanese national university entrance examination system, summarize its historical experience and lessons can provide reference for the university entrance examination system reform of our country currently.

【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：G649.313

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