建国以来乡村治理体制的演变与发展研究

发布时间：2018-04-16 18:41

  本文选题：人民公社制 + 乡政村治　； 参考：《上海社会科学院》2017年博士论文

【摘要】："农村兴,天下兴。"作为一个传统的农业大国,在今后相当长的历史时期内,我国仍将有相当比重的人口居住、生活在乡村,乡村社会的繁荣稳定与否事关现代化建设事业的全局。乡村问题千头万绪,其中最突出的问题之一应当是乡村治理体制问题。乡村治理体制,也称为乡村治理模式或乡村治理结构,一般是指乡村治理主体在各自权力、职责范围基础上的行为模式以及相互之间的关系。乡村治理体制合理与否直接关乎乡村治理的成效,而乡村治理的效果不仅关系到农民的生活和命运,也与国家的稳定与发展紧密相连。作为一个文明古国,中国在很长的历史时期居于世界领先地位的成功经验之一,在于历朝历代都十分重视乡村治理,形成了以"县政绅治"为主要内容和特色的乡村治理体制。建国以来,我国不同历史时期乡村经济社会发展状况,也与同时期乡村治理体制的结构与特点密切相关。党的十八届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》明确提出了推进和实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的战略目标。治理概念第一次正式载入党中央的文件中,标志着党对治国理政规律和趋势认识和把握上的进一步深化,是马克思主义中国化的一项最新成果。治理理论的基本要义在于承认国家与市场、国家与社会相对分离的基础上,强调多元治理主体通过互动、协商建立合作伙伴关系,共同管理社会公共事务,实现社会"善治"的目标。科学合理的国家治理体制是国家治理体系的有机组成部分,是实现国家治理现代化的必备条件。乡村治理体制作为国家治理体制不可或缺的有机组成部分,乡村社会的稳定与发展能力与乡村治理体制的安排密切相关,有效的乡村治理体制是国家和社会稳定的基石。因此,构建科学合理的乡村治理体制,对于实现乡村乃至整个国家治理现代化来说具有基础性意义。但是,现行的乡村治理体制本身还存在着党政不分、乡镇基层政权"悬浮化"和"谋利化"、村民自治组织过度行政化、"乡政"与"村治"之间的过度博弈和不协调、社会组织发育不健全等诸多问题,与治理理念和乡村治理现代化的应然要求之间还存在较大差距。在新型城镇化和国家治理现代化战略目标提出和实施的新时期,乡村治理体制变革的趋势和取向何在?科学合理的乡村治理体制如何建构?这些时代主题问题,需要我们作出有效回应。我们既要充分汲取人类共同文明成果的营养,也要在中国历史发展脉络中寻找基因,以我国乡村治理中遇到的问题为导向,在中国特色社会主义的制度框架内建构科学合理的乡村治理体制,突显中国特色、中国风格和中国气派。上个世纪九十年代以来我国学术研究史上的一个重要坐标就是"国家——社会"关系研究视角的兴起。这一理论范式在极短的时间内就以极强的影响力迅速羼入各学科并形成一股新的学术思潮。"国家——社会"关系研究视角为社会科学的研究提供了一种比较有效的分析和解释的理论工具,但从西方社会引入的"国家——社会"关系研究范式是建立在市场机制比较健全以及竞争性政党制度的社会基础之上。因此,运用"国家——社会"关系范式研究中国问题时,需要充分结合中国的具体国情,实现"国家——社会"关系范式研究的中国化。本文以治理理论为基础,以中国化的"国家——社会"关系为研究范式,对建国以来乡村治理体制的变迁进行研究,试图找出内在的趋势与规律,并充分结合中国的具体国情,为新时期乡村治理体制的创新和完善提供建议。具体而言,不同于西方语境下将国家等同于政府,本文将国家分为党和政府两个层面予以考察。中国共产党在我国的执政地位是历史形成的,作为革命和建设的核心力量,它往往是顶层制度设计者和推动者,在建国以来我国乡村治理体制的形成和变革中发挥着核心作用。乡村治理的成效和乡村治理体制的变革与市场作用的发挥密切相关,本文将市场的定位与作用这一变量纳入到乡村治理体制的形成和变革的研究中。结合中国的具体国情,论文将西方语境下的"社会",细化、中国化为乡村正式社会组织、民间组织、农民、乡村精英等社会主体要素分别予以详尽考察。中国作为一个传统的农业大国,农民在总人口中所占比重较高。随着新型城镇化的推进,农民的数量将会逐渐减少。但在未来相当长时期内,仍然会有相当数量农民的存在。农民不仅仅是乡村治理的对象,作为乡村社会的真正主人,他们更应该成为乡村治理的有效主体。本文将农民这一乡村社会重要构成要素独列出来予以考察,他们参与乡村治理的意愿和能力,直接关系到乡村治理成效乃至新时期乡村社会"善治"目标能否实现。基于中国传统乡村治理之道的经验借鉴以及在当代乡村治理中实际重要作用发挥方面的考量,在新时期乡村治理体制创新路径研究中,本文还将乡村精英这一重要的乡村社会构成要素单列出来予以更加深入细致的考察。论文通过探讨政党(中国共产党)、政府、农民、市场、社会组织等多元乡村治理主体要素,在建国以来我国乡村治理体制变迁中的定位、作用发挥和相互关系以及相应的历史经验教训,为新时期我国乡村治理体制的变革与完善提供借鉴。论文通过研究认为,建国以来我国乡村治理体制的变迁,主要是由相应历史时期经济、政治和社会发展需要决定的,并受不同的时代特征、风俗习惯等诸多因素的影响。从主体的视域来看,建国以来我国乡村治理体制的历史嬗变主要受四个方面因素的影响和制约:党和国家的战略理念和制度设计、市场的地位和作用的场域、广大农民的主体地位和自主意识、社会组织的发育程度和作用空间。"莲发藕生,必定有根"。乡村治理体制的创新设计"不是在一张白纸上绘图,而是在乡村社会既有格局基础上,通过对现有治理困境的深度反思和审视来寻找灵感和答案"。据此,论文通过研究认为,在新型城镇化和国家治理现代化战略目标提出和实施的新时期,我们应在现有的"乡政村治"模式基础上进行变革与创新,积极构建"政党领导、政府主导、农民主体、市场引导、全社会参与"多元主体协商共治的乡村治理体制,保证政党、国家、市场、农民、社会组织等不同治理主体要素之间结构的合理化,实现它们之间的良性互动,发挥它们各自在乡村治理中的积极作用,助推乡村治理现代化目标之达至。
[Abstract]:"Rural world Xing, Xing." as a traditional agricultural country, in a long period in our country, there will still be a considerable proportion of the population living in the country, rural social stability and prosperity and not concerning modernization. The global village problem 1000 Wan, one of the most prominent the problem should be the rural governance system. Rural governance system, also known as the model of rural governance and rural governance structure, generally refers to the rural governance in their power, the relationship between the scope of duties on the basis of the mode of behavior and mutual. Rural governance system is reasonable or not directly related to the effectiveness of Rural Governance, rural governance the effect is not only related to the life and the fate of farmers, is closely connected with the stability and development of the country. As a country with an ancient civilization, Chinese leading position in the world's success in a very long period of history The experience of one, is the Chinese dynasties attaches great importance to rural governance, rural governance system to form a "county gentry rule" as the main content and characteristic. Since the founding of new China, the development of rural economic and social conditions in different historical periods in China, and at the same time structure and characteristics of rural governance system is closely related to the party in the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee through "the CPC Central Committee on deepening reform of the overall number of major issues in the decision" clearly put forward to promote and achieve the strategic objectives of the national governance system and governance capacity modernization. The concept of governance of the CPC Central Committee in the first official document, marks a further deepening of the party governance of the rule of law and trend of understanding and grasp, is a new the results of the Marx doctrine China. The basic meaning of governance theory is that the state and the market, based on the relative separation of state and society, emphasize the meta governance The subject through interaction, negotiation partnerships, joint management of social and public affairs, to realize the social target of "good governance". The scientific and reasonable national governance system is an integral part of the national governance system, is the essential condition to realize the modernization of national governance. Rural governance system an integral part of national governance system. The rural social stability and development ability of rural governance and institutional arrangements are closely related to rural governance system effectively is the cornerstone of national and social stability. Therefore, the construction of rural governance system is scientific and reasonable, is of fundamental significance for the modernization of rural governance and the whole country. However, the current rural governance system itself still exists regardless of party, grassroots "suspension township" and "profit", the autonomous organization of villagers excessive administration, "between the township government and village autonomy. Game and coordination degree, development of social organization is not perfect and so many problems, there is a big gap between the ideal and concept of governance and rural governance modernization requirements. In the new period of the strategic goal of the new urbanization and the modernization of national governance is proposed and implemented, where the trend and orientation of rural governance system reform? How to reasonable rural the construction of governance system? These problems need us to the theme of the times, respond effectively. We should fully learn the achievements of human civilization nutrition, but also to find Chinese gene in the context of historical development, to meet China's rural governance problems in the construction of rural governance system oriented, scientific and reasonable in the institutional framework China socialism in China highlight the characteristics, style and style. China Chinese 90s since the last century the history of academic research in China is one of the important coordinates "The rise of nation society relationship research perspective. The theory in a very short period of time with a strong influence of the rapid introduction of various disciplines and the formation of a new academic thought." state - society "perspective for social science research provides a theoretical tool for the analysis and interpretation of more than effective, but from the introduction of the western society of" state - society "relationship paradigm is based on the social basis of the market mechanism is relatively perfect and competitive party system. Therefore, the use of" state - society "Fan Shiyan the China problem, need to fully combine with the specific conditions China, implementation of" state - society "study on the relationship of Chinese paradigm. This thesis is based on the theory of governance, to China of" state - society "as the research paradigm, research on the changes of rural governance system since the founding of new China, test Figure out trend and inherent law, and combine the specific conditions China, provide suggestions for the rural governance system innovation in the new era and perfect. In particular, different from the western countries in the context of the equivalent of the government, the country is divided into two levels of the party and the government to be investigated. China is formed in the history of the Communist Party our country's ruling position, as the core strength of the revolution and construction, it is often the top system designer and promoter, since the founding of a central role to play in the formation and reform of system of rural governance in China. The play of rural governance and rural governance effect of system reform and the role of the market is closely related to this research a variable and function of market positioning into the formation and change of the rural governance system. Combined with the specific conditions China, the western context of "society", refinement, as China Rural formal social organizations, non-governmental organizations, farmers, rural elite and other social subject elements were given detailed study. China as a traditional agricultural country, farmers accounted for a higher proportion of the total population. With the advance of new urbanization, the number of farmers will be gradually reduced. But in the future for a long time, still there will be a considerable number of farmers. Farmers is not only the object of rural governance, as the true master of the rural society, they should become the main effective rural governance. The farmers in this village only a list of important social elements to be investigated, their participation willingness and ability of rural governance, is directly related to the rural society "the effectiveness of the new period of rural governance and good governance" can achieve the goal. Chinese traditional rural governance experience and in the contemporary rural governance based on the actual important role Play the considerations in the study of institutional innovation path of rural governance in the new period, this paper will also rural elite which is one of the most important elements of the rural society singled out to be investigated more deeply. The paper discusses the Party (Communist Party China), the government, farmers, market, social organizations and other multi subject elements in rural governance, positioning since the founding of China's rural governance system change, and the relationship between the role and historical experiences and lessons accordingly, provide a reference for our country in the new period and improve the rural governance system reform. This essay thinks, to change the system of rural governance in China since the founding of new China, mainly by economic history, politics and society development needs to be determined, and the influence of different characteristics of the times, customs and other factors. From the view of main body, system of governance in rural China since the founding of new China The historical evolution is mainly affected by four factors and constraints: strategic concept and system design of the party and the state, the field position and the role of the market, the majority of farmers and the dominant position of independent consciousness, the degree of development of space and the role of social organizations. "Lotus lotus root hair, must have the innovation root." the design of "rural governance system is not drawing on a piece of paper, but in the rural society is based on the pattern, and examine the depth of reflection of existing Governance Dilemma to find inspiration and answer". Accordingly, this essay thinks, in the new period of strategic goal of the new urbanization and the modernization of national governance is proposed and implemented we should, in the existing village governance "mode on the basis of reform and innovation, and actively build" Party leadership, government guidance, farmers' subjectivity, to guide the market, the whole society to participate in "rural governance system of multi agent negotiation of governance We should ensure the rationalization of the structure of different governance entities among political parties, countries, markets, farmers, social organizations and so on, so as to achieve positive interaction between them and give full play to their respective positive role in rural governance, so as to boost the goal of modernization of rural governance.

【学位授予单位】：上海社会科学院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D422.6
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本文编号：1760131