价值论视阈中的马克思正义观研究

发布时间：2018-04-21 03:16

  本文选题：马克思 + 正义观　； 参考：《中国社会科学院研究生院》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：正义是一个价值问题。以价值问题为研究对象的价值哲学能够为马克思正义观的诠释提供一种方法论的借鉴。在价值论的视域中,马克思的正义观所面临的结构性的问题是:马克思的正义观是站在谁的价值立场上,从谁的利益、需要出发的,做出了怎样的价值评判和价值选择,并通过怎样的途径实现正义的价值理想。马克思正义观中可能存在的价值主体包括:一是作为微观主体的“现实的个人”。实现了由神或抽象概念主持正义到由人来裁夺正义的转变,把正义问题在主体层面上的主动性和自觉性还给了“人本身”。也促使我们重新思考主体的本性、利益、需要、目的、情绪、情感、意志、能力和素质等因素,在正义这一价值的形成、结构和评价中的作用。二是社会层面的“先进阶级”。马克思始终站在无产阶级的价值立场上,审视资本主义雇佣劳动关系中这一价值主体的社会处境,并且用无产阶级革命的“精神武器”激励着无产阶级自我解放意识的觉醒,指导他们进行彻底的社会革命。三是国家层面的“社会有机体”。任何一个时代的“正义的主体”都寓于特定文明历史延续的实践行动之中,是特定社会生产和生活方式的“历史生成”。正义这种“时代精神”是在社会有机体的土壤中被蕴育出来的,它植根历史,面向未来。遵循一种价值论的视角解读马克思的正义思想,我们可以看到,作为一种价值关系的正义是在历史性的视域中提出来的、是对人的自由发展和自我实现的价值追求。它在马克思的哲学中体现在两个层面中,即对象世界中人与自然关系层面、社会历史领域中人与人之间的社会关系层面。研究造成这些非正义现象的社会历史原因,能够发现对正义起双重作用的分工等实践活动因素的重要影响。从价值学的视角来看,在对自由主义正义观、资产阶级永恒正义观、庸俗社会主义分配正义观的批判中,在对共产主义和人的解放的价值构想中,对马克思思想的正义观发掘能够逐步实现逻辑上的深入和升华,并体现出其在内容上、立场上、方法论上的超越性和价值境界。马克思的正义概念绝不仅仅是描述性的,它是具有规范性的力量。马克思不仅以一种科学的态度来分析社会历史事件,同样也以一种评价的方式来看待现实社会生活中出现的价值事实,以辩证法的方法来把握价值问题的变化和发展。他对非正义事实的描述中蕴含着对如何克服、扬弃它的价值思考。就正义是一种应得而言,实现“物”应当为劳动所得,消除不合理的分工,消灭私有制,实现社会生产关系的全面正义;就正义是一种应当而言,实现“人”应当自由全面发展,超越资产阶级的政治解放,克服人的异化,在自由人的联合体中,实现人与自然的关系中、与社会的关系中的全面解放。
[Abstract]:Justice is a question of value. The value philosophy, which takes the value problem as the object of study, can provide a methodological reference for the interpretation of Marx's view of justice. In the field of value theory, the structural problems faced by Marx's view of justice are: what kind of value judgment and value choice Marx's view of justice is based on, from whose interests and needs, And through what way to achieve the value of justice ideal. The possible value subjects in Marx's view of justice include: first, the "realistic individual" as the micro-subject. It realizes the transformation from the concept of God or abstract to justice by man, and gives back to "man itself" the initiative and consciousness of justice at the subject level. It also urges us to reconsider the nature, interest, need, purpose, emotion, emotion, will, ability and quality of the subject in the formation, structure and evaluation of the value of justice. Second, the social level of the "advanced class." Marx always stood on the value standpoint of the proletariat, examined the social situation of this value subject in the capitalist wage labor relations, and used the "spiritual weapon" of the proletarian revolution to inspire the awakening of the proletarian consciousness of self-emancipation. Guide them to a radical social revolution. Third, the "social organism" at the national level. The subject of justice in any era is the historical generation of the production and life style of a particular society. The "spirit of the times" of justice is nurtured in the soil of social organism, which is rooted in history and faces the future. From the perspective of value theory, we can see that justice, as a kind of value relation, is put forward in the historical field of view, and it is the value pursuit of human's free development and self-realization. It is embodied in Marx's philosophy at two levels, namely, the relationship between man and nature in the object world, and the social relationship between man and man in the field of social history. By studying the social and historical causes of these injustices, we can find the important influence of practical factors such as division of labor, which plays a dual role in justice. From the perspective of value theory, in the criticism of liberalism, bourgeois eternal justice, vulgar socialist distribution justice, and the value conception of communism and human liberation, Exploring the view of justice of Marx's thought can gradually realize the logical deepening and sublimation, and embody its transcendence and value realm in content, position and methodology. Marx's concept of justice is not merely descriptive, it has normative power. Marx not only analyzed the social historical events with a scientific attitude, but also looked at the value facts in the real social life in a way of evaluation, and grasped the change and development of the value problem by the dialectical method. His description of unjust facts contains the value of how to overcome and discard it. As far as justice is a right, the realization of "thing" should be for the income of labor, eliminate the unreasonable division of labor, eliminate private ownership, and realize the comprehensive justice of social relations of production; as far as justice is concerned, The realization of "man" should be free and all-round development, transcend bourgeois political liberation, overcome human alienation, and realize the full liberation in the relationship between man and nature and society in the association of free people.
【学位授予单位】：中国社会科学院研究生院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：A81
，

本文编号：1780693