青年马克思与施泰因：社会概念的比较研究

发布时间：2018-04-22 20:03

  本文选题：马克思 + 施泰因　； 参考：《清华大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：近年来对青年马克思思想形成过程以及不同思想资源在这一过程中所起到的作用的研究,仍然是我国马克思主义研究中的热点问题。目前,从政治经济学、德国古典哲学、青年黑格尔派等角度展开的讨论比较多,而关于法国社会主义、共产主义的思想和实践如何启发了马克思的研究尚不充分。德国学者施泰因(Lorenz von Stein)1842年出版的著作《今日法国的社会主义与共产主义》,最早向德意志学界系统性地介绍了法国的社会主义和共产主义以及社会和无产阶级等概念,为德意志学界开出了一个以社会概念为核心的新的问题域。马克思与他同时代的许多青年学者一样,在一定程度上受到了施泰因的启发。研究施泰因在这一著作中构建的社会概念,并与马克思社会概念的形成过程进行比较,可能是进一步讨论法国社会主义和共产主义对马克思思想形成的具体影响的一个重要线索。面对从传统社会向工业社会转变及由此引发的结构性社会危机和阶级斗争,19世纪40年代德意志学界兴起了理解社会的诸多理论尝试。马克思和施泰因是其中两种具有代表性的思路。马克思认为,现代工业资本主义包含着无法克服的内在矛盾,终将引发无产阶级革命,无产阶级将消灭生产资料的私人所有,国家作为虚幻的共同体终将消灭,人类将进入更高的自由状态。而在施泰因看来,以私人所有为基础的社会分化无法被彻底消灭,国家作为调节社会分化加剧的机制,应当尽可能为社会阶层的流动创造条件,使每个个体的人格性得到最充分的实现。由此施泰因成为德国实证社会学和社会国(Sozialstaat)(即福利国家)思想的奠基人。探究两位思想家对于现代工业社会的不同洞察,有助于理解我们今天所处的时代和社会状况。本文通过翻译和研究以往中文文献中涉及不多的施泰因的德文原著,经过文本解读和概念辨析,有效地避免了既有研究中存在的,由于将不同时期、不同文本中的马克思与施泰因混同起来进行比较,而导致的含混和模糊。本文认为,第一,以往对于马克思和施泰因的社会概念的研究常常诉诸于他们共同的黑格尔背景。但是在很大程度上马克思的社会概念继承和扬弃了黑格尔市民社会的理论结构;而在施泰因的社会概念中,源自德国历史法学派的实证主义和历史主义的因素可能起到了更具建构性的作用。第二,虽然马克思最早可能是通过施泰因这个中介,接触和理解社会、无产阶级、社会主义、共产主义的概念,在《巴黎手稿》之前在一定程度上受到施泰因的影响,但是二者的社会概念由于其背后哲学理念的差异,最终走上了不同的道路,形成了截然不同的体系。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the study of the process of the formation of young Marx's thought and the role of different ideological resources in this process is still a hot issue in the study of Marx's doctrine in China. At present, much discussion has been made from the angles of political economics, German classical philosophy, and young Hagel school. The idea and practice of production inspired Marx's study. The German scholar Shi Taiyin (Lorenz von Stein), published in 1842, "socialism and communism in France", introduced the concepts of socialism and communism, as well as the society and the proletariat, to the German community. A new problem domain with the core of the social concept was opened for the German community. Marx, like many young scholars of his contemporaries, was inspired by steinin to a certain extent. The study of the social concept built by steinen in this work and compared with the formation process of Marx's social concept may be an advance. It is an important clue to discuss the concrete influence of French socialism and communism on the formation of Marx's thought. In the face of the structural social crisis and class struggle from the traditional society to the industrial society and the resulting structural social crisis and the class struggle, in 1840s, many theoretical attempts to understand the society were sprang up by the German scholars. Marx and steinin were Two of them have representative ideas. Marx believes that modern industrial capitalism contains insuperable internal contradictions, which will eventually lead to the proletarian revolution. The proletariat will eliminate the private ownership of production materials. The state will eventually be eliminated as an illusory community and human beings will enter a higher state of freedom. The social differentiation based on private ownership can not be completely eliminated. As a mechanism to regulate the intensification of social differentiation, the state should create conditions for the flow of social strata as far as possible to make the personality of each individual get the most fully realized. Thus, Steiner has become a German positivist sociology and social state (Sozialstaat) (the welfare state) thought. The study of the different insights between the two thinkers in modern industrial society helps to understand the times and social conditions we are in today. Because of the confusion and ambiguity between Marx and steinin in different periods and different texts, it leads to ambiguity and ambiguity. First, the previous study of the social concept of Marx and steinin often resorts to their common Hagel background. But to a great extent, Marx's social concept inherits and develops. The theoretical structure of Hagel's civil society has been abandoned; in the social concept of steinen, the positivism and Historicism from the German Historical School of history may have played a more constructive role. Second, although Marx may first be through the intermediary of Steiner, the contact and understanding of the society, the proletariat, the socialism, and the Communist Party are in common. The concept of production doctrine was influenced by steinin to some extent before the Paris manuscript, but the social concept of the two came to a different path and formed a completely different system because of the differences in philosophical ideas behind it.

【学位授予单位】：清华大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：A81;D032
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本文编号：1788716