省以下地方法院体制改革的路径与方法

发布时间：2018-05-14 00:34

  本文选题：地方法院 + 司法体制　； 参考：《东南大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：自建国以后,我国的司法发展事业、司法改革道路历尽曲折。其中,改革开放以来,以十一届三中全会的召开为起点,至十八届四中全会,我国的司法改革已历经了36个年头,期间最高人民法院先后颁布了四个“五年改革纲要”,对我国的司法改革进行了规划。30余年的改革取得了较大的成就,完善了我国的司法体制。但囿于我国具体国情、缺乏完善的顶层设计等因素,以往的司法改革始终未能较好的解决省以下地方法院存在的司法地方化、司法行政化、民事执行难等问题,地方法院的管理体制、审判体制与执行体制仍然存在很多问题。党的十八届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》和十八届四中全会通过的《中共中央关于全面推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定》,对新一轮司法体制改革的框架与思路进行了设计部署。仅从词频来看,仅仅在《中共中央关于全面推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定》中,“法治”一词即出现了111次,“司法”一词出现了73次,可见顶层对推进司法体制改革的重大决心。但顶层设计仅是对司法体制改革进行了宏观性的蓝图规划,并没有说明具体的操作路径与方法。基于这种考虑,本文试图在考察我国法院司法权的属性、功能以及司法制度形成与发展的基础上,通过对最高人民法院出台的四个“五年改革纲要”进行对比,全面分析我国司法体制的现状以及存在的问题,并据此提出较为全面的省以下地方法院管理体制、审判体制和审执分离体制改革的路径与方法。全文共分为五章：第一章主要是分析司法权的含义和属性、功能,描述我国司法制度的历史演变。司法权为判断权,具有中央属性,是国家权力体系中的裁判性、终极性和中立性权力。司法裁决主要是进行法的判断,处理司法诉求应兼顾个案正义和社会正义,法官的中立性地位也是相对的,司法体制改革的核心内容之一则是实现司法权的保权功能。对我国法院的管理体制、审判体制以及执行体制的历史演变进行了系统梳理。第二章主要是对最高人民法院四个“五年改革纲要”的出台背景、改革目标、主要内容等进行全面对比,分析我国司法改革前期取得的成果和存在的不足之处,并对我国地方法院目前在体制方面仍然存在的司法权的地方化、司法管理的行政化、司法判决的集权化以及审执权力配置的异化等问题进行全面分析。带着这种问题意识,归纳总结出司法体制改革要实现的四个目标(一是有利于实现实体公正；二是有利于实现程序正义；三是有利于增进司法廉洁；四是有利于提高诉讼效率)和必须坚持的三个指导思想(一是科学认识我国现阶段的法治国情；二是准确理解全面推进依法治国的新思路、新目标、新任务；三是系统把握四五改革纲要的理论基点、逻辑结构与改革路径)以及新一轮司法体制改革的方向和目标。第三章主要论述管理体制改革路径与方法。改革内容主要包括以下几点：一是建立统一的司法管理决策和实施体制,将管理职能与审判职能逐步分离,在法院内部设立专门的司法管理局,并在上下级法院之间实行垂直管理。二是构建科学的人员分类管理体制,依据职位分类建立相应的招聘、薪酬、培训和管理体制。三是建立法官员额制,建立平等竞争、统一遴选的法官选拔机制,竞争应当采取以客观量化考核为主、主观认识评价为辅的方式对所有法官一视同仁的进行考核,最大限度消除改革中的不平等现象。四是改革法官遴选制度,将法官录用从公务员招考制度中剥离出来,上级法院原则上应从下一级法院的法官中逐级选拔法官；五是完善职业保障体系,对法官和具有行政编制的法官助理实行单独薪酬体系,聘用制法官助理和书记员按现行工资收入加能级岗位津贴(按照三级九等设定不同能级),司法警察按照人民警察的相关待遇规定执行等。六是改革司法经费管理制度,中级法院和基层法院的非税收入均划归省级财政,由各省财政按照人员经费、日常运行公用经费、办案经费、业务装备经费和基本建设经费分类核定支出,实现“收支彻底脱钩、财政全额保障”。第四章主要论述审判体制改革的路径与方法。本章重点探讨了以下几个方面的改革：是建立与行政区划适当分离的司法管辖制度,但对于行政法院的设立,论文提出在目前的司法现状下,较好的方案是先将行政案件进行集中管辖,对一些特殊的行政案件通过提级管辖、指定管辖等方式解决,待将来条件成熟时,可再设立专门的行政法院。二是改革审判权运行机制,通过建立专业化审判团队替代原有审判庭,取消院、庭长的案件签批权,建立审判委员会讨论案件过滤机制,成立专业法官会议制度等改革方式,实现法官的独立审判,并统筹协调落实司法责任制与法官独立审判的履职保障。三是改革人民陪审制度,取消单位推荐的方式,从符合条件的公民中采取随机抽取的方式进行,并实行人民陪审员不再审理法律适用问题,只参与审理事实认定。第五章主要论述了民事审执分离的改革模式。从分析实施审执分离改革的目的在于切实解决“执行难”入手,对强制执行与审判的共通性机理和差异性机理进行了分析,梳理了我国强制执行权的分权改革历程与现状,对当前强制执行体制存在的问题、执行难的成因进行内外两方面的深入剖析,并通过计算改革的成本考量,对比了执行权整体剥离、执行实施权单独剥离、执行权深化内分三种改革模式,提出我国的审执分离改革应当在整个司法体制改革框架下,结合地方法院人、财、物统一管理体制改革和法官员额制改革,在执行员与法官分离、执行实施权与执行裁决权分离、执行工作统一管理的“两分一统”工作机制上实现突破,为审执分离改革试点提供参照系。
[Abstract]:Since the founding of the people's Republic of China, our country's judicial development and the road of judicial reform have been tortuous. Since the opening of the reform and opening up, since the beginning of the the third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, the judicial reform in China has gone through 36 years, and the Supreme People's Court issued four "five year reform outline" and the Department of our country. The reform of the law of law has made great achievements and improved the judicial system of our country. However, due to the specific national conditions of our country and the lack of perfect top-level design, the previous judicial reform has not been able to solve the problems of judicial localization, judicial administration and civil execution, which exist in the local courts below the province of.30. The administrative system of the local courts, the trial system and the implementation system still have many problems. In the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, the Party Central Committee adopted the decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on several major issues of the comprehensive deepening of reform and the new round of decisions on several major issues concerning the comprehensive promotion of the rule of law by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in the fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee. The framework and ideas of the reform of the judicial system have been designed and deployed. Only in terms of word frequency, only in the decision of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China that the word "rule of law" has appeared 111 times, and the word "judicature" has appeared 73 times, and the top level is a great determination to promote the reform of the judicial system. But the top level is set up. On the basis of this consideration, this paper tries to examine the four "five year reform outline" issued by the highest people's Court on the basis of examining the properties, functions and the formation and development of the judicial power of the court of our country. This paper makes a comprehensive analysis of the current situation of our judicial system and the existing problems, and puts forward a more comprehensive management system for the following local courts, the path and method of the reform of the system of trial and separation. The full text is divided into five chapters: the first chapter is the analysis of the meaning and attributes of the legal rights, functions, and the description of our country's judicature. The judicial power is the right to judge and has the central attribute. It is the judgment, the ultimate and the neutral power in the state power system. The judicial adjudication is mainly the judgment of the law. The judicial appeal should take into account the case justice and the social justice, the judge's neutrality is also relative, and the core content of the judicial system reform. One is to realize the function of protecting the right of judicature. It systematically combs the historical evolution of the administrative system, the trial system and the executive system of the courts of our country. The second chapter is mainly the background of the introduction of the four "five year reform outline" of the Supreme People's court, the reform goal, the main content and so on, and the analysis of the judicial reform in our country before the reform. The results and the shortcomings of the existence, and the local courts of our country still exist in the current system of the judicial power of the localization, the administration of judicial administration, judicial decision centralization and the dissimilation of the disposition of the adjudicatory power. With this kind of problem consciousness, it is concluded that the reform of the judicial system should be real. The present four goals (one is conducive to the realization of substantive justice; the two is conducive to the realization of procedural justice; three is beneficial to the promotion of judicial integrity; four is to improve the efficiency of the litigation) and the three guiding ideology that must be adhered to (first, to understand the national conditions of the rule of law at the present stage of our country; and the two is to understand the new rule of law in an accurate understanding of the new state. " Thinking, new goals and new tasks; three is the theoretical basis of the systematic grasp of the outline of the four or five reform, the logical structure and the path of reform, as well as the direction and goal of the new round of judicial system reform. The third chapter mainly discusses the path and methods of the reform of the management system. The contents of the reform include the following points: first, to establish a unified judicial management decision and to establish a unified judicial management decision. The implementation of the system, the gradual separation of the management and trial functions, the establishment of a special judicial administration within the court, and the vertical management between the upper and lower courts. Two, the establishment of a scientific personnel classification management system and the establishment of a corresponding recruitment, salary, training and management system according to the classification of positions. Three is the establishment of a system of judges and the establishment of a system of judges. Equal competition, the unified selection of the selection mechanism of judge selection, competition should take the objective quantitative assessment, subjective cognition and evaluation as the auxiliary way to all judges of the same assessment, to maximize the elimination of unequal phenomena in the reform. Four is the reform of the judge selection system, judge the judge from the civil service recruitment system out of the system The higher courts should, in principle, select judges from the lower court's judges in principle; the five is to improve the occupational security system, to implement a separate salary system for judges and judges with administrative judges, and to employ the assistant of the judges and the clerks in accordance with the current salary income plus level post allowance (set the different levels according to level three and nine). The law police are carried out in accordance with the relevant regulations of the people's police. Six is the reform of the administration system of judicial funds. The non tax revenue of the intermediate and grass-roots courts is all classified into the provincial finance. The fourth chapter mainly discusses the ways and means of the reform of the trial system. This chapter focuses on the reform of the following aspects: the establishment of a judicial jurisdiction system which is properly separated from the administrative division, but for the establishment of the administrative court, the paper puts forward the better scheme under the current judicial status. First, the administrative cases are centralized and jurisdiction, and some special administrative cases can be settled through the jurisdiction of class, and the special administrative courts can be set up when the conditions are ripe in the future. Two is to reform the operation mechanism of the judicial power, and through the establishment of a professional trial team to replace the original trial court, the abolition of the court and the jurisdiction of the president of the court. We should establish the judicial committee to discuss the mechanism of the case filtering, establish the system of professional judges meeting, realize the independent trial of the judges, and coordinate and coordinate the implementation of the judicial responsibility system and the independent trial of the judges. Three, the reform of the people's jury system, the abolition of the method of unit recommendation, and the random extraction of the eligible citizens The fifth chapter mainly discusses the reform mode of the separation of civil adjudication. From the analysis of the purpose of the analysis and implementation of the reform, the purpose of the reform is to solve the "difficulty of execution" and the common mechanism and differential mechanism of compulsory execution and trial. It analyzes the process and present situation of the decentralization reform in China's compulsory enforcement power, analyses the existing problems in the current enforcement system and the causes of the difficulties in execution, and compares the total stripping of the executive power, the separate stripping of implementation right and the deepening of the implementation right by calculating the cost of the reform, by calculating the cost of the reform. In the framework of the reform of the judicial system, we should combine the reform of the local court, the reform of the unified management system of the local court, the reform of the unified management system of the property and the material, the separation of the judges, the separation of the executive power and the enforcement of the ruling power, and the "dual and unified" work mechanism of the unified management of the execution of the work. This breakthrough provides a reference frame for the reform of the separation of trial and appointment.

【学位授予单位】：东南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D926.22
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本文编号：1885550