我国残疾人权利保障的理念更新与制度重构

发布时间：2018-05-27 01:47

本文选题：残疾人 + 残疾人权利　；参考：《山东大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：残疾是一个演变的概念,受各种解释、描述、分类方法的影响,也受人们认识、观念、态度和理解不断变化的影响。随着人权事业的进步和残疾人运动的发展,各国的“残疾”概念已经逐步实现了从强调个人身体残损到强调社会环境对伤残者的制约的转化,着重强调社会因素对伤残者参与社会、享受权利带来的不利影响。残疾的理念也已逐步从医学模式发展到社会模式。残疾人和普通人一样,当然享有政治权利、公民权利和经济社会文化等各方面的权利。但是,作为最困难的群体,仅仅地宣示他们和普通公民平等地享有宪法和法律规定的权利,还是不够的。他们还拥有自己独特的权利谱系,这些权利主要包括不受歧视的权利、获得合理便利的权利、独立生活和融入社区的权利、自我决定的权利等,这些权利具有特定性,对残疾人人权的保障有着独特的意义。近年来,我国各级政府高度重视残疾人事业,残疾人权利得到了较好保障,取得的成绩举世瞩目,但也存在不少问题。本文第二章结合实际调研数据,从残疾人保障法实施的角度,论述了我国残疾人权利保障存在的主要问题：当前残疾人生活水平和质量总体偏低,有的残疾人生活还非常困难,基本生存权没有得到较好保障,距离“人人享有康复服务”的目标的实现仍然有较大差距；就业歧视在许多地区和许多领域仍然比较严重,残疾人就业权利实现情况一直不够理想；残疾儿童入学率仍然不高,等等。在此基础上,分析了产生上述问题的原因,主要包括：管理体制上存在明显的职能分割和交叉现象,尤其是老年人和残疾人权利保障体制分裂,导致了资源分散、效率低下；残疾人利益诉求表达机制不完善,残疾人的利益诉求难以顺利地传递至决策部门,在权力机关的话语权较小,残疾人权利保障组织设立程序复杂,导致难以“抱团”维权,财政税收保障机制不到位,残疾人权利保障的促进、实施和监测机制也不够健全,权利救济机制不完善,残疾人权利保障理念严重滞后,等等。论文第三章介绍了域外残疾人权利保障的一些做法和经验。在残疾人权利保障理念上,美国、日本、韩国都较早地接受了社会模式理念,融合理念和合理便利理念也被许多国家接受。在残疾人教育方面,美国、英国等国家的残疾人教育制度设计都体现了对个性化的尊重,并且全面接受了全纳理念。在保障残疾人康复权利方面,日本、英国等国家都强调国家的责任,通过立法手段,着力保障残疾人获得康复服务的权利。就业是残疾人歧视的高发领域,也是残疾人权利保障的重点领域,美国、韩国、日本等国家做法虽然各不相同,但都突出强调禁止基于残疾人歧视,注意平衡用人单位促进残疾人就业的权利义务。在残疾人基本生活保障方面,各国都强调要采取必要的措施,保障残疾人体面而有尊严的生活,英国、美国、韩国的做法都有一定的代表性,值得我国学习借鉴。理念是本文的一条主线,本文认为,我国残疾人权利保障存在的问题,与理念的滞后密切相关,加强和改进残疾人权利保障工作,首先必须更新我们的理念。因此,在本文的第四章,专门论述了当前要尽快确立的五种残疾人权利保障的新理念：社会模式的残疾理念、融合理念、特别支援理念、残疾儿童特殊保护理念、通用设计理念。这些理念在我国残疾人实务工作中还没有被充分认识到,有的理念甚至少有人听说,这些理念的确立、普及,是重构残疾人权利保障制度、完善残疾人权利保障法律法规的前提。新的理念必然产生新的制度。在第五章,对照联合国《残疾人权利公约》确立的基本原则和对缔约国提出的要求,依据残疾人权利保障应当遵循的理念,提出了重构残疾人权利保障制度的设想。当前,应当重构以下六个方面的制度：改变以特殊教育为主导的残疾人教育模式,构建以融合教育为主体的全纳教育制度；坚持儿童优先原则,全面建立儿童抢救性康复制度；以平衡权利义务为方向,重构残疾人就业保障制度；以“去机构化”为目标,完善残疾人居家照料制度；重构残疾人维权机制；统筹老年人和残疾人需要,建立长期照护制度；建立协助决策制度,保障残疾人自我决定权,等等。第六章则是第四章和第五章的进一步延伸。遵循应当确立的新的残疾人权利保障理念,需要对现行的法律法规进行完善。本章从微观的角度,介绍了残疾人保障法需要修改完善的若干重点,并提出了具体的法律条文修改建议,主要包括：在法律中明确“残疾”的概念,确立新的残疾理念；依法明确残疾人获得合理便利的权利、独立生活和融入社区的权利；修改残疾人就业保障规定,建立残疾人公务员定向招录机制；健全残疾人社会保障制度,完善社区照护机制；增设残疾人固定代表席位制度,专门代言残疾人；设立残疾人专职委员制度,完善残疾人法律实施监督机制,等等。在文章最后,简要介绍了建立我国长期照护制度的设想。我国长期照护制度是失能人员的“最后安全网”,是促进医疗资源优化和合理利用的需要,也是提高失能人员生命质量的需要。现行法律法规不能为长期照护保险制度提供法律依据,因此有必要制定单独的长期照护法,明确我国长期照护保险制度的模式、筹资机制、各方权利义务等等。
[Abstract]:With the progress of human rights and the development of disabled people ' s movement , the concept of " disability " has gradually realized the rights of people with disabilities .
Discrimination in employment is still serious in many areas and in many areas , and the realization of the right to employment of persons with disabilities is not ideal ;
On the basis of this , the reasons for the above mentioned problems are analyzed , which mainly include the obvious function division and cross - phenomenon in the management system , especially the division of the old people and the rights guarantee system of the disabled persons , which leads to the dispersion of resources and the inefficiency ;
In the aspect of protecting the rights of persons with disabilities , all countries have emphasized the responsibility of the State , which is closely related to the development of the rights of persons with disabilities . In the aspect of protecting the rights of persons with disabilities , the concept of the rights of persons with disabilities is not perfect . The concept of special protection for children with disabilities has not been fully realized in the practice of disabled persons in China . The idea is that the establishment and popularization of these ideas is the precondition for the reconstruction of the safeguard system of the rights of persons with disabilities and the improvement of the laws and regulations of the rights of persons with disabilities .
To adhere to the principle of child priority and to fully establish a child rescue and rehabilitation system ;
Reconstruction of employment guarantee system for disabled persons in the direction of balancing rights and obligations ;
The aim of " deinstitutionalization " is to improve the home care system of persons with disabilities ;
Reconstruction of the mechanism of the rights of persons with disabilities ;
Integration of the needs of older persons and persons with disabilities and the establishment of a long - term care system ;
The sixth chapter is the fourth chapter and the fifth chapter . The sixth chapter is the further extension of the fourth chapter and the fifth chapter . According to the new concept of the protection of the disabled person ' s rights , the present law and regulations need to be perfected .
The right to reasonable accommodation for persons with disabilities in accordance with the law , the right to live independently and into the community ;
Modify employment guarantee regulations for persons with disabilities , and set up the orientation recruitment mechanism for civil servants of persons with disabilities ;
Improve the social security system of persons with disabilities and improve the community care mechanism ;
( b ) The establishment of a system of permanent representation of persons with disabilities , specifically for persons with disabilities ;
In the end of this article , the author briefly introduces the idea of establishing long - term care system in our country . In the end of the article , the author briefly introduces the idea of establishing long - term care system in our country . The long - term care system of our country is the need to promote the optimization and rational use of medical resources , and it is necessary to improve the quality of life quality . Therefore , it is necessary to establish separate long - term care law , clarify the pattern of long - term care insurance system , fund - raising mechanism , rights and obligations of all parties , etc .
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D922.182.3

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