新中国出国留学政策变迁研究（1949-2014）

发布时间：2018-06-18 16:28

本文选题：新中国 + 出国留学　；参考：《东北师范大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：新中国成立初期,中国政府实行向苏联大量派遣留学人员的政策,至20世纪60年代初期,中国开始尝试性的制定了向西方发达资本主义国家派遣留学人员的政策,这期间虽然出现了“文革”时期出国留学政策相对停滞的情况,但从总体上看,这些摸索性的工作还是为改革开放后的出国留学管理奠定了基础,为留学活动的繁荣发展积累了宝贵的经验。改革开放以来,中国制定并实施了新的、更大规模的、全方位派遣出国留学人员的政策,为中国当代留学活动注入了新的元素。现阶段,在国家出国留学政策的总体框架内,出国留学政策已经逐渐演变和发展成为国家公派出国留学、单位公派出国留学、自费出国留学以及留学回国发展四个方面的二级政策。可以说是这四个系列的二级政策共同或交叉构成了中国出国留学政策的总体框架。这四个系列的二级政策又是由若干具体的三级制度和规定(常以《通知》、《意见》、《办法》等形式呈现)分别或交叉组合构建而成。如果某项二级或三级政策不切实际地过于狭窄或滞后,将无助于支持业已成熟的我国总体出国留学政策的正常运行。因而,不断调整和完善各个层面的出国留学政策是政策制定者和研究者义不容辞的职责所在。从留学活动发展和留学政策演变的轨迹来看,中国的出国留学活动大致从21世纪以来进入了一个“相对繁荣发展期”。留学活动的空间和规模越发宽广,其流动性已经发展为留学政策变迁的新常态,并逐渐成为人类精神价值、生活方式和发展模式相互借鉴、融和和双向互赢的重要载体。本研究将从政策变迁的视角探讨了66年来中国出国留学政策从起步阶段到尝试性恢复阶段,从艰难曲折阶段到改革开放后的大力提升阶段,从粗放式政策阶段到精益化规范阶段的发展历程。研究历史是为了更好的面对未来,新中国成立以来出国留学政策的曲折演进一方面反映了中国留学活动66年来的变迁趋势和发展规律,另一方面也给当代中国出国留学政策的优化提供了可资借鉴的经验和应当吸取的教训。本文共分引言及正文五章。引言部分主要介绍本选题的研究背景、理论价值及实践意义,对于国内外学者的研究现状进行了分类学的梳理,包括基本概念的研究现状、政策变迁理论的研究现状、留学政策存在问题的研究现状、留学政策变迁原因的研究现状、解决留学政策变迁问题的研究情况等等；本研究基本遵循历史主义的分析理路,构建了前后相续的逻辑框架；对于研究中观学术问题的一贯做法,本文对中国出国留学政策变迁问题的研究也使用了诸如文献学方法、词源学方法、马克思主义语境研究法、实证调查方法、全媒体方法等多种方法,借鉴了第四次科技革命最为流行的云计算技术、宏媒体技术和大数据技术的算法优势；文章在国内学术界首次把三大政策变迁理论应用于中国出国留学政策变迁问题的研究,得出了一些科学的结论,但受语言翻译学传播机制和传播规律的制约,使得某些结论存在实际适用上的时空限制和政策局限性。基于学术研究科学性的考虑,本文在第一章首先界定了“留学”、“出国留学”“公费留学”、“自费留学”、“留学政策”、“留学法规”、“留学制度”等基本概念,接着对引发出国留学政策不断变化的经济全球化理论、人力资本理论、科教兴国理论进行了关联性阐述。由于一个国家或地区的出国留学活动必然受制于特定时期、特定区域的政策变迁,所以本文在第二章系统论证了倡导联盟理论、多源流理论和间断-均衡理论对中国出国留学政策变迁的作用和影响,并藉此得出出国留学政策由均衡到失衡、由失衡到创新、再由创新造就新的均衡的基本变迁规律。历史遵循着不断更新的自然变迁规律,同样道理,中国出国留学政策也经历了政策初步确立阶段(1949-1956)、政策探索实施阶段(1956-1966)、政策曲折停滞阶段(1966-1977)、政策恢复调整阶段(1978-1992)和政策规范发展阶段(1993-)等几个阶段。对中国出国留学政策变迁基本路径的梳理构成了第三章的主要研究内容。研究历史是为了更好的面向未来,对中国出国留学政策变迁过程的论述是为了总结出国留学政策变迁的基本规律、普遍原因和主要成效,以利于国家相关政策部门能够制定出更加合理的出国留学政策。基于对中国留学政策变迁过程中存在的政策均衡问题、归国人员管理环节薄弱的问题、政策执行环节漏洞的问题、政策的国际化水平较低的问题,文章指出政策变迁的价值结构过于单一、缺少对政策变迁规律的正确把握、缺少对政策变迁动力的科学认识、缺少对政策变迁过程的系统研判、参与政策变迁的主体结构不够合理是导致上述问题出现的主要原因,对上述问题和原因的分析构成了第四章研究的主要内容。为了找到促进中国出国留学政策新均衡的主要措施,本文第五章提出了五大具体措施,即重塑政策的价值目标结构、充分重视政策学习的实践意义、科学把握政策变迁的动力因素、准确把握政策变迁的基本过程、完善利益相关者参与政策变迁的体制机制。措施的提出不一定对政府核心留学决策层产生影响,但至少可以给相关的决策人员提供有价值的参考。
[Abstract]:At the beginning of the founding of new China, the Chinese government carried out a policy of sending a large number of overseas students to the Soviet Union. By the early 1960s, China began to try to formulate a policy of sending overseas students to the western developed capitalist countries. Although the policy of studying abroad in the period of the "Cultural Revolution" appeared to be relatively stagnant, the Chinese government had been in general. As a matter of fact, these touches have laid a foundation for the management of studying abroad after the reform and opening up, and accumulated valuable experience for the prosperity and development of the study abroad. Since the reform and opening up, China has formulated and implemented a new, more large-scale, omni-directional policy of sending students abroad to study abroad. At the present stage, in the overall framework of the country's policy on studying abroad, the policy of studying abroad has gradually evolved and developed into the two level policy of four aspects, namely, the national public school abroad, the public school to study abroad, the self-study abroad and the development of the study abroad. It can be said that the two level policy of the four series is a common or intersecting constitution. The overall framework of China's policy on studying abroad. The two level policy of the four series is made up of a number of specific three level systems and regulations (often in the form of < notice > opinion >, < method >). If a certain two or three level policy is unrealistic and too narrow or lagging, it will not help the support. The policy of studying abroad is normal in China. Therefore, it is the duty of the policy makers and researchers to adjust and improve the policy of studying abroad at all levels. From the development of studying abroad and the evolution of the policy of studying abroad, the study of studying abroad in China has generally entered a "one" since twenty-first Century. The space and scale of relatively prosperous development ". The space and scale of studying abroad have become more and more wide, and its liquidity has been developed into a new normal state of the change of foreign policy, and has gradually become an important carrier of human spiritual value, life style and development model to learn from each other, harmony and two-way mutual win. This study will discuss China's emergence from the perspective of policy changes for 66 years. The policy of studying abroad is from the beginning stage to the trial recovery stage, from the difficult and tortuous stage to the stage of the vigorous promotion after the reform and opening up, from the extensive policy stage to the lean specification stage. The research history is to better face the future. The tortuous evolution of the foreign policy in the country since the founding of the new China reflects on the one hand. The vicissitude trend and the law of development for the 66 years of studying abroad activities in China, on the other hand, also provide lessons for the optimization of the policy of studying abroad in contemporary China. This article is divided into introduction and five chapters. The introduction mainly introduces the research background, theoretical value and practical significance of this topic, for domestic and foreign scholars. The present status of the research is taxonomic, including the status of basic concepts, the current situation of policy change theory, the present situation of the study of the problems of studying abroad, the current situation of the study of the reasons for the change of foreign policy and the study of the changes in the policy of studying abroad, and so on. The logical framework of the continuation of the front and back is built, and for the study of the middle view academic problems, the study of the policy changes of studying abroad in China has also used a variety of methods, such as bibliography, etymology, Marx context research, empirical investigation, and all media methods, and used fourth scientific and technological revolutions. The most popular cloud computing technology, macro media technology and large data technology have the advantages of algorithms. In the domestic academia, the three major policy change theories have been applied to the study of the policy changes of studying abroad for the first time in China, and some scientific conclusions have been drawn, but restricted by the transmission and broadcasting mechanism of language translation and the law of communication, some junctions are made. In the first chapter, the basic concepts of "studying abroad", "studying abroad" "studying abroad", "studying abroad", "studying abroad", "studying abroad", "studying abroad", "studying abroad" and other basic concepts are first defined in the first chapter. The changing theory of economic globalization, the theory of human capital and the theory of rejuvenating the country by science and education are expounded. Since the study of studying abroad in a country or region is bound to be subject to a specific period and the policy changes in a particular region, the second chapter systematically demonstrates the theory of advocating alliance, the theory of multi source flow and the discontinuous equilibrium theory. On the role and influence of the policy changes of studying abroad in China, it is concluded that the policy of studying abroad is from equilibrium to imbalance, from imbalance to innovation, and then by innovation to create a new and balanced basic law of change. History follows the regular regular changes of natural change, and the same reason, the policy of studying abroad in China has also experienced a preliminary establishment of policy. Paragraph (1949-1956), policy exploration and implementation stage (1956-1966), policy zigzag stagnation stage (1966-1977), policy recovery adjustment phase (1978-1992) and the development stage of policy norms (1993-). The main research content of the basic path of the policy changes in China's study abroad is made up of the main contents of the third chapters. The history of the study is for a better face. In the future, the process of the policy change of studying abroad in China is to sum up the basic rules of the policy change of studying abroad, the general reasons and the main achievements, so that the relevant government departments can formulate more reasonable policy of studying abroad. The problem of weak personnel management link, the problem of loopholes in the implementation of policy and the low level of internationalization of policy, the article points out that the value structure of policy changes is too single, lack of correct grasp of the law of policy change, lack of scientific understanding of the motive force of policy change, lack of systematic study on the process of policy change and participation in politics. The main cause of the above problems is the main reason that the main structure of the policy change is not reasonable, and the analysis of the above problems and the reasons is the main content of the fourth chapter. In order to find the main measures to promote the new balance of the policy of studying abroad in China, the fifth chapter puts forward five concrete measures, that is to reshape the value target structure of the policy, We should pay full attention to the practical significance of policy learning, grasp the dynamic factors of policy changes scientifically, accurately grasp the basic process of policy changes, and improve the institutional mechanism of the stakeholder participation in policy changes. The proposed measures will not have an impact on the decision-making level of the government's core study abroad, but at least it can provide the relevant decision makers with value. Reference resources.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：G648.9;G529

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