小微企业融资公平保障法律制度研究

发布时间：2018-06-23 01:18

  本文选题：小微企业 + 融资公平　； 参考：《西南政法大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：自从工信部等四部委于2011年7月颁布《中小企业划型标准规定》对小微企业正名以来,小微企业成为了理论界和实务界研究的热点对象。小微企业在活跃市场经济、提供就业岗位、弥补社会服务缺位等方面具有积极的作用。但是,当前存在着诸多阻碍小微企业发展的因素,其中,核心因素是融资障碍。而小微企业融资障碍中的融资难、融资贵问题又成为了目前学界集中研究的选题,相关学术成果颇丰。但是,关于小微企业另一项融资障碍,即小微企业融资不公平问题却很少受到关注。目前,与大中型企业相比,小微企业在融资时并没有受到同等对待。同时,小微企业在金融市场中的弱势地位也并没有得到应受的重视。诚然,小微企业融资难、融资贵与小微企业融资不公平具有一定的关联性,前者是后者的重要表现。但是,两者不可以等同。小微企业融资公平与否直接关涉社会正义是否实现的问题,后者更为根本。良法本身蕴含公平正义的理念,依照良法治理小微企业融资不公平问题是有效的路径。基于上述思想,本文以金融公平为价值理念,主要研究小微企业融资公平保障法律制度相关问题。目的在于通过蕴含金融公平理念的法律制度的构建,保障小微企业可以与大中型企业公平地分享金融资源。除了引言和结论,本文可以分为三大部分。第一部分为第一章,是全文的理论基础,主要阐释了小微企业融资公平相关的概念。第二部分为第二章,分析了我国小微企业融资现状,并详细阐释了小微企业融资不公平在现实中的主要表现及其制度原因。第三部分为第三章、第四章、第五章和第六章。其中,第三章探讨了保障小微企业融资公平的基本原则,并且,在坚持基本原则的基础上,重点阐释了构建小微企业融资公平保障法律制度的整体思路。而第四章、第五章和第六章分别探讨了小微企业融资机会公平、条件公平和结果公平保障法律制度的构建问题。从以上三个层面,为保障小微企业公平地获得金融资源提供了具体的法律完善建议。第一章,小微企业的融资公平。主要探讨小微企业融资公平的内涵和外延,是全文的逻辑起点,为后文分析小微企业融资市场存在的问题以及提出相应的法律完善建议提供理论支撑。建国后,我国颁布了多版中小企业划型标准,本文界定小微企业概念,以最新发布的《中小企业划型标准规定》为主要依据。并且,本文构建融资公平保障法律制度主要针对的对象是金融市场中处于弱势地位的小微企业,并不包括具有国有资本身份以及属于集团总公司性质的小微企业。同时,本文也将个体工商户纳入到了广义的小微企业的概念中。小微企业融资公平的确立依据,可以从法学、经济学以及伦理学三个角度进行阐释,具体是指,与大中型企业相比,小微企业以均等的机会获得融资、以相同的市场条件获得融资,以及融资需求满足度不能相差悬殊。以罗尔斯的现代公平正义观为基础,以融资环节为区分点,可以将小微企业融资公平分为小微企业融资机会公平、条件公平和结果公平。小微企业融资机会公平是准入公平,是指,与大中型企业相比,小微企业具有相同的获得融资的可能性。小微企业融资条件公平是过程公平,是指,与对大中型企业提供融资相比,银行业金融机构对小微企业融资时,必须依照相同的市场条件发放贷款和确定利率。而小微企业融资结果公平是结果公平,是指,与大中型企业相比,小微企业的融资需求满足度不能相差悬殊。第二章,小微企业融资不公平主要表现及其制度原因。通过调研等形式对我国小微企业融资现状进行考察后发现,我国小微企业在融资方面存在较多不公平现象。小微企业融资机会不公平的表现包括小微企业融资渠道过窄和小微企业缺少具有层次性的融资渠道两个方面。从制度层面讲,原因主要包括两个方面。第一,提升小微企业融资能力方面的法律制度缺位。第二,现行相关规则缺少顶层设计且具体内容也存在缺陷。小微企业融资条件不公平的表现包括:强迫购买理财、保险产品;要求以贷转存或者存贷挂钩;要求购买配套承兑汇票;不当要求小微企业主个人提供连带保证等。从制度层面讲,原因主要包括三个方面。第一,法律制度应对金融市场结构性失衡问题存在局限性。第二,法律制度回应实质不平等地位问题力度不足。第三,现有规则存在治理失灵现象。小微企业融资结果不公平的表现为,与大中型企业相比,小微企业的融资需求满足度过低。根据调研数据显示,多数小微企业融资需求满足度低于60%,而现有融资渠道基本可以满足大中型企业、尤其是大型企业的融资需求。从制度层面讲,原因主要包括两个方面。第一,小微企业融资机会公平、条件公平保障法律制度存在缺陷。第二,法律制度在规范政府倾斜保护小微企业方面力度不足。第三章,小微企业融资公平保障的基本原则和整体思路。小微企业融资公平保障的基本原则是小微企业融资公平理念的具体体现,也是后文构建小微企业融资公平保障法律制度时所应遵循的指导思想。尊重市场规律原则主要包括两方面要求。一是,以竞争机制、供求机制和价格机制有效发挥作用为核心。二是,政府应定位为金融市场发展的引导者和服务者。综合保障融资公平原则,一方面,要求综合实现小微企业融资机会公平、条件公平和结果公平。另一方面,要求利用多种手段确保小微企业融资公平。坚持金融创新促进融资公平原则,要求金融创新必须服务实体经济,鼓励金融创新的同时,也应对其进行适度监管。强化金融监管保障融资公平原则,强调应建立政府监管、行业自律和社会监管为一体的监管体系。保障融资公平法治化原则,强调保障融资公平以法律制度为基础,并且,重视非正式金融制度的作用,将其作为法律制度的补充,共同服务于保障小微企业融资公平。小微企业融资公平保障的整体思路部分,从立法、司法、执法和守法四个层面探讨了小微企业融资公平保障法治路径的整体要求,并构建了小微企业融资公平保障的法律制度框架。第四章,小微企业融资机会公平保障法律制度。为了提升小微企业融资能力,应分别构建小微企业集群融资法律制度和小微企业融资担保法律制度。同时,应针对小微企业特点,依法为其搭建多元化、具有层次性的融资渠道是保障小微企业融资机会公平的主要路径。在融资平台方面,应依法为小微企业搭建全国性、区域性和民间性三层融资平台。重点探讨了三层融资平台的定位和职能、挂牌标准、股权和债权融资法律制度等内容。并且,为各层融资平台之间转板建立了相应的法律制度。在融资机构方面,应构建小微金融机构法律制度,规范专门或者主要服务小微企业融资的中小型银行、小额贷款公司健康运行。在融资工具方面,应推行和规范公开发行的小微企业集合债券业务以及非公开发行的小微企业私募债券业务。总之,比照大中型企业现有融资渠道,针对小微企业自身特点,通过构建法律制度,为其搭建具有针对性的多层次融资渠道,满足不同类型、不同发展阶段的小微企业的融资需求。第五章,小微企业融资条件公平保障法律制度。为了确保银行业金融机构依照相同的市场条件为小微企业提供融资,第一,应将小微企业融资基本利益,即自主选择的利益和公平交易的利益进行权利化,依法建立小微企业条件公平融资权利,增强保障力度。第二,应利用约束性和激励性法律规制的相关理论,分别构建小微企业融资条件公平约束性法律制度和激励性法律制度。前者的主要内容为通过赋予银行业金融机构、金融监管机构相应的义务、职责以及法律责任,督促银行业金融机构平等对待小微企业。后者主要包括推行行政指导手段、行政奖励手段以及合同菜单规范手段保障融资条件公平等内容。第三,应构建法律救济机制,将投诉机制定位为前置救济机制、将金融申诉专员机制定位为核心机制、将诉讼机制定位为补充救济机制。第六章,小微企业融资结果公平保障法律制度。依法提升小微企业融资需求满足度是保障小微企业融资结果公平的主要路径。构建融资结果公平保障法律制度保障的对象是在金融市场中处于弱势地位、但自身努力并且符合市场经济发展要求的小微企业。这些小微企业通过现有融资渠道无法获得融资,在坚持以人为本理念下,应对其进行救济。具体而言,应明确政府保障小微企业融资结果公平的主导性定位,完善目前政府推行的帮扶小微企业融资的法律措施。主要包括构建扶持资金运用绩效评价法律制度、构建小微企业增信集合证券监管法律制度、构建政府投资小微企业引导基金法律制度、构建小微企业融资政策性担保法律制度以及构建支小再贷款法律制度等内容。
[Abstract]:Small and micro enterprises have become a hot topic in the theoretical and practical circles since the four ministries, such as the Ministry of industry and information and other ministries and committees, promulgated the standard for small and medium enterprises in July 2011. Small and micro enterprises have played an active role in activating the market economy, providing jobs and making up for the lack of social services. There are many factors that impede the development of small and micro enterprises, among which the core factor is financing obstacles. The difficulty of financing in the financing barriers of small and micro enterprises, and the expensive problem of financing have become the topic of research in the current academic circles, and the related academic achievements are quite fruitful. However, there are few financial barriers to small and micro enterprises, namely, the unfair financing problem of small and micro enterprises is very few. At present, compared with large and medium-sized enterprises, small and micro enterprises have not been treated equally in financing. At the same time, the weak position of small and micro enterprises in the financial market has not been paid attention to. However, the two can not be equal. The equity of small and micro enterprises is directly related to the problem of whether social justice is realized, the latter is more fundamental. The good law itself contains the concept of fairness and justice, and it is an effective way to govern the unfair financing of small and micro enterprises according to the good law. Based on the above thought, this paper takes financial equity as the value concept. The purpose is to ensure that small and micro enterprises can share the financial resources fairly with large and medium-sized enterprises through the construction of the legal system containing the concept of financial equity. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this article can be divided into three parts. The first part is the first chapter, the full text theory. On the basis of this, the paper mainly explains the concept of equity related to financing in small and micro enterprises. The second part is the second chapter, analyzes the financing status of small and micro enterprises in China, and explains in detail the main manifestations and institutional reasons of the unfair financing in small and micro enterprises in reality. The third part is the third chapter, the fourth chapter, the fifth chapter and the sixth chapter. Among them, third chapters explore. The basic principles of guaranteeing the equity of small and micro enterprises' financing are discussed, and on the basis of adhering to the basic principles, the whole idea of establishing the legal system of financing fair guarantee for small and micro enterprises is explained emphatically. The fourth chapter, the fifth chapter and the sixth chapter respectively discuss the equity of the financing opportunities of small and micro enterprises, the condition equity and the legal system of the result fair guarantee. From the above three levels, it provides a specific legal improvement proposal to ensure the fair access to financial resources for small and micro enterprises. Chapter 1, the financing fairness of small and micro enterprises. It mainly discusses the connotation and extension of financing equity of small and micro enterprises. It is the logical starting point of the full text, and the problems existing in the financing market of small and micro enterprises are analyzed in the following paper. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, China promulgated a multi version of the SME planning standards. This paper defines the concept of small and micro enterprises, and the latest release of the standard for SME planning is the main basis. And the main object of this paper is to establish the legal system of financing equity security in the financial market. The small micro enterprises in the disadvantaged position do not include the identity of state-owned capital and the small micro enterprises which belong to the nature of the group general company. At the same time, this article also brings the individual business and business households into the concept of small and micro enterprises in the broad sense. The foundation of the financing fairness of small and micro enterprises can be explained from the three angles of law, economics and ethics. Compared with large and medium-sized enterprises, small and micro enterprises obtain financing with equal opportunity, obtain financing with the same market conditions, and the satisfaction degree of financing needs can not be disparities. Based on Rawls's modern fair and justice view, the financing fairness of small and micro enterprises can be divided into small and micro enterprise financing based on the financing link. Fair opportunity, fair condition and fair result. Small and micro enterprise financing opportunity fairness is admittance fairness. Compared with large and medium-sized enterprises, small and micro enterprises have the same possibility of obtaining financing. Small and micro enterprises' financing conditions are fair process fairness, which means that banking financial institutions are compared with small and medium-sized enterprises to provide financing for small and medium-sized enterprises. When industry financing, it is necessary to grant loans and determine interest rates according to the same market conditions. The equity of financing in small and micro enterprises is a fair result. Compared with large and medium-sized enterprises, the satisfaction degree of financing needs of small and micro enterprises can not differ greatly. The second chapter, the main manifestations and institutional reasons of financing unfairness in small and micro enterprises. After investigating the financing situation of small and micro enterprises in China, it is found that there are many unfair phenomena in the financing of small and micro enterprises in China. The unfair financing opportunities of small and micro enterprises include two aspects: the narrow financing channels of small and micro enterprises and the lack of hierarchical financing channels for small and micro enterprises. From the institutional level, the main reasons include two. First, the legal system of raising the financing capacity of small and micro enterprises is absent. Second, the current relevant rules lack the top-level design and the specific content is also defective. The unfair performance of the financing conditions of small and micro enterprises includes: compulsive purchase of financial management, insurance products; demand for loan transfer or deposit and loan; demand for the purchase of supporting acceptance bill; There are three main reasons from the system level. First, the legal system should be limited to the structural imbalance in the financial market. Second, the legal system responds to the problem of substantive inequality. Third, the existing rules have the phenomenon of governance failure. Small micro enterprises According to the survey data, the financing demand of most small and micro enterprises is less than 60%, and the existing financing channels can basically meet the financing needs of large and medium-sized enterprises, especially large enterprises. From the institutional level, the main reasons are the main reasons. We should include two aspects. First, the financing opportunities of small and micro enterprises are fair, and the legal system is defective. Second, the legal system is insufficient in standardizing the government's inclination to protect small and micro enterprises. The third chapter is the basic principle and the overall thinking way of financing fair guarantee for small and micro enterprises. The basic principles of financing fair guarantee for small and micro enterprises are the basic principles The concrete embodiment of the concept of equity financing in small and micro enterprises is also the guiding ideology to be followed in the construction of the legal system of financing fair guarantee for small and micro enterprises. The principle of respecting the law of the market mainly includes two requirements. One is the core of the effective role of the competition mechanism, the supply and demand mechanism and the price mechanism. Two, the government should be positioned as the finance. On the one hand, it requires a comprehensive realization of the fair, fair and fair results of financing opportunities for small and micro enterprises. On the other hand, we need to make use of various means to ensure fair financing of small and micro enterprises. At the same time of encouraging financial innovation, we should also encourage financial innovation to carry out moderate supervision, strengthen the principle of financing equity in financial supervision, and emphasize the establishment of a regulatory system of government supervision, industry self-discipline and social supervision. The role of the financial system, as a supplement to the legal system, serves to ensure the equity of small and micro enterprises, and the overall thinking of the fair guarantee of small and micro enterprises' financing. From the four levels of legislation, judicature, law enforcement and law-abiding, the overall requirements of the path of the rule of law for small and micro enterprises' financing fair guarantee are discussed, and the financing public of small and micro enterprises is constructed. In the fourth chapter, the legal system of small and micro enterprise financing opportunities is guaranteed. In order to improve the financing capacity of small and micro enterprises, the legal system of small and micro enterprise cluster financing and the legal system of financing guarantee for small and micro enterprises should be constructed respectively. At the same time, it should be aimed at the small and micro enterprises' special points and set up a diversified and hierarchical system according to law. Financing channels are the main path to ensure the equity of financing opportunities for small and micro enterprises. In terms of financing platform, we should set up a national, regional and folk three level financing platform for small and micro enterprises according to law. It focuses on the positioning and functions of the three level financing platform, the standard of listing, the legal system of equity and debt rights, and the financing for each level. In the aspect of financing institutions, the legal system of small and micro financial institutions should be established to standardize small and medium sized banks which are specialized or mainly for small and micro enterprises to finance. The small microfinance companies should operate healthfully. In a word, according to the existing financing channels of large and medium-sized enterprises, according to the characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises, the financing needs of small and micro enterprises with different types and different stages of development are met through the construction of legal system to meet the needs of small and micro enterprises with different types and different stages of development. The fifth chapter, small and micro enterprises In order to ensure that the banking financial institutions provide financing for small and micro enterprises in accordance with the same market conditions, the basic interests of small and micro enterprises, that is, the interests of independent choice and the interests of the fair transaction, should be right, and the right of fair financing for small and micro enterprises should be established according to law, and the guarantee is strengthened. Second, we should construct a fair and restrictive legal system and incentive legal system for the financing conditions of small and micro enterprises by using the relevant theories of restrictive and incentive legal regulation. The main content of the former is to supervise the banking financial machinery by giving banks financial institutions, the obligations, responsibilities and legal responsibilities of the financial regulators. The latter mainly deals with small and micro enterprises. The latter mainly includes the implementation of administrative guidance, administrative reward means and the standard means of contract menu to ensure the fairness of financing conditions. Third, the legal relief mechanism should be established, the complaint mechanism is positioned as a pre relief mechanism, the Financial Ombudsman mechanism is the core mechanism, and the litigation machine is formulated. The sixth chapter is the legal system of small and micro enterprise financing results fair guarantee. Improving the financing demand satisfaction degree of small and micro enterprises is the main path to guarantee the equity of small and micro enterprises financing results. These small and micro enterprises can not obtain financing through the existing financing channels, and should carry on the relief under the concept of "people-oriented". In particular, the government should make clear the leading position of the government to guarantee the equity of the financing results of small and micro enterprises, and improve the financing of small and micro enterprises carried out by the government at present. The legal measures include the construction of the legal system for the performance evaluation of the support funds, the construction of the legal system for the supervision of the small and micro enterprises, the construction of the legal system of the guidance fund for the government investment in small and micro enterprises, the construction of the legal system for the financing policy guarantee of the small and micro enterprises, and the construction of the legal system for the construction of the small and small loans.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D922.29
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本文编号：2055076