1961年以来美国政府资助民间志愿组织的政策演进研究

发布时间：2018-06-27 05:37

本文选题：美国 + 政府资助　；参考：《外交学院》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：“马歇尔计划”开启了美国大规模官方对外援助的历史,亦是美国对外援助全球化的肇始。在“马歇尔计划”之后,美国历届政府却并不都是以积极的态度去对待美国官方对外援助活动,时常随着国内外环境的变化而采取不同的立场与措施。但就官方对外援助的实施层面来说,1961年以来美国政府大体都是通过两个途径来执行:第一,美国国际开发署等官方机构直接向接受援助者提供援助;第二,通过拨款、合作协议以及服务购买合同等方式,对民间合作伙伴进行资助,由民间合作伙伴负责对外援助项目的实施。民间合作伙伴包括学校、宗教组织、企业、非政府组织等很多类型,其中最具有特点的就是民间志愿组织。在对外援助领域,民间志愿组织与政府相比,具有组织形象较好以及组织效率较高两方面的优势。但在肯尼迪政府之前,美国政府却缺乏系统性资助民间志愿组织的制度与政策。这两方面因素促使了《1961年对外援助法》的诞生。从1961年至今,美国政府资助民间志愿组织的制度与政策进行过三次主要的改革与调整。依据这三次调整,美国政府资助民间志愿组织政策的演进过程可划分为四个时期。第一个时期为“制度化”时期(1961-1977)。这个时期包括两个前后延续的阶段:首先,肯尼迪政府通过《1961年对外援助法》与成立美国国际开发署,初步创建起资助民间志愿组织制度。在此基础之上,70年代的美国政府进一步推动资助私人机构方式的多样化。第二个时期为“依赖化”时期(1977-1993)。在这个时期,卡特政府通过成立国际开发合作署,试图去提高国际开发署的地位,同时又积极支持民间志愿组织参与对外援助。而里根政府受到新保守主义思想的影响,力图减少在对外发展援助方面的负担。在此氛围之下,美国政府开始让民间志愿组织承担大部分对外发展援助任务,降低政府对外援助机构的作用。同时,美国政府还积极吸引私人资本进入对外发展援助领域,鼓励私人资本对民间志愿组织进行资助。第三个时期为“商业化”时期(1993-2001)。在这个时期,因为苏联解体,庞大的财政赤字以及以往对外援助效果不佳等原因,美国舆论普遍质疑对外援助存续的合理性。同时,国际开发署自身在这个时期也出现了一些问题。在此背景之下,美国行政机构在国会的压力之下,开始大幅精简国际开发署。而国际开发署也开始转变为单纯的援助合同供应商,开始采用更为商业化的服务购买合同方式来对民间志愿组织进行资助。这个时期,官方对外援助机构的地位与作用进一步被削弱。第四个时期为“效率化”时期(2001-2016)。在这个时期,由于对恐怖主义威胁的担忧持续存在,美国政府对外援助的意愿大幅提升。同时,多年以来美国政府资助民间志愿组织制度本身也积累了不少问题。为增强政府在对外援助中的主导性,提高对外援助的效率,小布什与奥巴马政府在制度框架与制度流程两个层面进行了政策调整。
[Abstract]:The "Marshall plan" opened the history of massive official foreign aid in the United States and the beginning of the globalization of foreign aid in the United States. After the "Marshall plan", the successive American governments did not all take a positive attitude towards the official foreign aid activities of the United States, and often took different positions with the changes in the domestic and foreign environment. But on the level of the implementation of official foreign aid, the United States government has generally carried out two ways since 1961: first, the official agencies such as the United States Agency for international development and other official agencies provide assistance directly to recipients; and second, to fund private partners through funding, cooperation agreements and service purchase contracts. The folk cooperative partners include schools, religious organizations, enterprises, non-governmental organizations and many other types. Among them, the most characteristic is the folk volunteer organization. In the field of foreign aid, the folk volunteer organizations are compared with the government, with a better organization image and a higher organization efficiency of two. But before the Kennedy administration, the government of the United States lacked the system and policy of systematic funding for the civil volunteer organizations. These two factors contributed to the birth of the <1961 foreign aid law. Since 1961, the United States government has carried out three major reforms and adjustments in the system and policy of the non-governmental voluntary organizations. The three adjustment can be divided into four periods. The first period is the period of "institutionalization" (1961-1977). This period includes two successive stages: first, the Kennedy administration, through the <1961 foreign aid law, and the establishment of the United States Agency for international development, initially created a sponsor. On this basis, the United States government in 70s further promoted the diversification of the way of financing private institutions. The second period was the period of "dependence" (1977-1993). In this period, the Carter administration, through the establishment of the international development cooperation agency, tried to improve the status of the International Development Agency, while actively supporting the folklore. The Reagan administration, under the influence of Neo conservatism, tries to reduce the burden on foreign development assistance. In this atmosphere, the American government has begun to allow the civil volunteer organizations to undertake most of the external development assistance tasks and reduce the role of the government to foreign aid agencies. Private capital was introduced into the field of external development assistance, and private capital was encouraged to support private voluntary organizations. The third period was a period of "commercialization" (1993-2001). In this period, the United States public opinion generally questioned the continuity of foreign aid because of the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the huge fiscal deficit and the poor effect of previous foreign aid. At the same time, the International Development Agency (UNDP) itself had some problems at this time. Under this background, the United States administration began to substantially streamline the international development agency under pressure from Congress. The International Development Agency (UNDP) began to transform into a simple aid contract supplier and began to use a more commercialized service purchase contract. The status and role of the official foreign aid institutions were further weakened during this period. The fourth period was a period of "efficiency" (2001-2016). In this period, the willingness of the United States government to assist in foreign aid has been greatly improved as a result of the persistent concern about the threat of terrorism. The system itself has accumulated a lot of problems. In order to enhance the government's dominance in foreign aid and improve the efficiency of foreign aid, George W. Bush and Obama government have made a policy adjustment in the two aspects of the system framework and the system process.
【学位授予单位】：外交学院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D771.2

【相似文献】