环境污染对中国劳动生产率的影响—理论与实证依据

发布时间：2018-07-06 11:01

本文选题：环境污染 + 劳动生产率　；参考：《重庆大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：日益严峻的环境污染问题迫使人们重新审视经济增长与环境污染之间的关系，尽管经典的“环境库兹涅茨假说”认为当经济增长达到一定阶段时，环境污染物排放将会随着经济增长而逐渐降低，但是倒“U”型曲线的转折点并不会自动发生，而是基于规模报酬递增的环境治理行为，因此有效的环境规制政策是推动环境污染与经济增长之间的关系快速转折的重要途径。基于经典的庇古税法则，环境规制政策的有效制定主要依据是环境污染造成的社会成本与私人成本之间的差距，虽然已有文献考察了环境污染对劳动供给的影响，但是却忽略了环境污染对劳动生产率的影响，正如Graffzivin et al.（2012）所言，环境污染可以在不影响劳动供给的前提下对劳动生产率产生显著的影响。因此，本文在内生经济增长理论和环境库兹涅茨假说的基础上建立环境污染影响劳动生产率的理论分析模型，并从中国的经济和环境发展现状来考察了环境污染对劳动生产率的具体影响。首先，不同于传统的经济增长模型将环境污染作为经济发展副产品的观点，本文利用环境库兹涅茨假说将环境污染内生引入到经济增长模型，并且通过环境污染影响厂商生产成本和环境污染损害居民健康人力资本两个渠道来考察环境污染对劳动生产率的影响。从环境污染对厂商成本的影响来看，环境污染对劳动生产率的影响是直接的，包括收入效应和替代效应两个部分；在经济欠发达地区，收入效应和替代效应均表示环境污染有利于劳动生产率的提高；而在经济发达地区，尽管替代效应依然为正，但是收入效应则表示环境污染将不利于劳动生产率的提高。从环境污染损害健康人力资本的角度出发，环境污染对劳动生产率的影响是间接的，包括健康成本效应和健康配置效应，其中将健康成本效应在经济发达地区和经济欠发达地区都明显为正，而健康配置效应在经济欠发达地区为负，在经济发达地区则为正。最后，环境污染对劳动生产率的影响是多方面的，并且会因环境规制强度、环境污染强度和经济发展水平的不同而变化。在理论模型的基础上，本文构建了环境污染影响劳动生产率的实证模型，，并利用中国1990-2011年的省级面板数据进行实证研究。然而，在计量分析过程中面临的一个重要问题是传统的劳动生产率指标如劳均国内生产总值是一个粗劳动生产率指标，其并不能区分资本、技术等其他投入对产出的贡献，所以本文从边际劳动生产率的角度出发，利用距离函数来建立生产分析框架，然后在完全竞争市场假设下来求解劳动生产率，并将效率损失考虑到劳动生产率的计算过程中，从而能够得到净的劳动生产率的测度。最后，实证结果表明：首先环境污染对当期劳动生产率有显著的负效应，并且基于三种环境污染物的计量结果是稳健的。第二，环境污染对劳动生产率的短期影响并不显著，但是长期影响则显著为负。第三，为了进一步考察环境污染对劳动生产率的区间效应，运用Hansen（1999）发展而来的门槛面板模型的结果发现：环境污染对劳动生产率的负效应随着环境污染规模的增加而增加；当经济发展水平较低时，环境污染对劳动生产率的负影响较弱，然而随着经济水平的提高，环境污染对劳动生产率的负效应将会增加；环境污染对劳动生产率的负效应随着环境规制程度的增强呈现出典型的倒“U”关系。最后，在获得环境污染影响劳动生产率的理论依据和实证支持的同时，本文考察了环境污染作为外部因素对劳动生产率收敛性的影响。结合Barro et al（.1992）和Capozza et al.（2002）的观点构建了环境污染影响劳动生产率收敛性的模型，利用门槛面板模型的实证结果表明：中国省际劳动生产率存在显著的β绝对收敛，但是在2000年之前收敛特征更多地表现为东部地区领先背景下的有限收敛，而在2000年之后收敛特征才得以稳定；环境污染对劳动生产率收敛性的影响主要体现在当地区环境污染水平明显高于或者低于平均水平时，劳动生产率的收敛速度是较低的；当地区放松环境管制时，劳动生产率的收敛速度将会降低，并且严格的环境规制措施也将降低劳动生产率的收敛速度，即环境规制强度与劳动生产率的收敛速度之间存在显著的倒“U”关系。
[Abstract]:The increasingly severe environmental pollution problem forces people to reexamine the relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution. Although the classic "environmental Kuznets hypothesis" believes that when economic growth reaches a certain stage, the emission of environmental pollutants will gradually decrease with the economic growth, but the turning point of the inverted "U" curve will not be self imposed. The effective environmental regulation policy is an important way to promote the rapid turning of the relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth. Based on the classic Pigou tax law, the effective formulation of environmental regulation policy is mainly based on the social cost and private formation caused by environmental pollution. In this gap, although the impact of environmental pollution on labor supply has been examined, the impact of environmental pollution on labor productivity is ignored. As Graffzivin et al. (2012) said, environmental pollution can have a significant impact on the productivity of labor without affecting the labor supply. Therefore, this article is in the internal economy. On the basis of the theory of growth and the Kuznets hypothesis of environment, a theoretical analysis model of environmental pollution affects labor productivity is set up, and the specific influence of environmental pollution on labor productivity is examined from the current situation of China's economic and environmental development.
Firstly, different from the traditional economic growth model, the environmental pollution is regarded as a by-product of economic development. In this paper, the environmental pollution endophyte is introduced into the economic growth model by using the environmental Kuznets hypothesis, and the environmental pollution affects the manufacturer's production cost and environmental pollution to damage the residents' health human capital by two channels. The impact of environmental pollution on labor productivity. From the effect of environmental pollution on the cost of manufacturers, the impact of environmental pollution on labor productivity is direct, including two parts: income effect and substitution effect; in underdeveloped areas, both income and substitution effects indicate that environmental pollution is beneficial to the increase of labor productivity; In the economically developed areas, although the substitution effect is still positive, the income effect indicates that environmental pollution will not benefit the increase of labor productivity. From the perspective of environmental pollution damage to healthy human capital, the impact of environmental pollution on labor productivity is indirect, including health cost effect and health allocation effect, which will be healthy. This effect is obviously positive in economically developed areas and underdeveloped areas, and the effect of health allocation is negative in underdeveloped areas and in economically developed areas. Finally, the impact of environmental pollution on labor productivity is multifaceted, and the intensity of environmental regulation, the intensity of environmental pollution and the level of economic development will be different. Change.
On the basis of the theoretical model, this paper constructs an empirical model for the impact of environmental pollution on labor productivity, and uses the provincial panel data of 1990-2011 years in China to carry out an empirical study. However, an important problem in the process of econometric analysis is that the traditional labor productivity, such as the gross domestic product of labour average, is a rough working student. The yield index can not distinguish between capital, technology and other inputs to the output, so from the point of view of marginal labor productivity, this paper uses the distance function to establish the production analysis framework, and then assumes the labor productivity in the full competitive market, and takes the efficiency loss into account in the calculation of labor productivity. We can get a net measure of labor productivity. Finally, the empirical results show that first, environmental pollution has a significant negative effect on the current labor productivity, and the measurement results based on three kinds of environmental pollutants are robust. Second, the short-term effect of environmental pollution on labor productivity is not significant, but the long-term effect is significant. Negative. Third, in order to further investigate the interval effect of environmental pollution on labor productivity, the result of the threshold panel model developed by Hansen (1999) shows that the negative effect of environmental pollution on labor productivity increases with the increase of environmental pollution scale; when the level of economic development is low, environmental pollution is to labor productivity. However, the negative effect of environmental pollution on labor productivity will increase with the increase of economic level, and the negative effect of environmental pollution on labor productivity shows a typical inverted "U" relationship with the increase of environmental regulation.
Finally, in order to obtain the theoretical basis and empirical support of environmental pollution affecting labor productivity, this paper examines the effect of environmental pollution as an external factor on the convergence of labor productivity. Combining the views of Barro et al (.1992) and Capozza et al. (2002), a model of environmental pollution affecting the convergence of labor productivity is constructed. The empirical results of the sill panel model show that there is a significant beta absolute convergence in China's inter provincial labor productivity, but the convergence characteristics before 2000 are more of the limited convergence in the eastern region, and the convergence characteristics are stable after the 2000, and the influence of environmental pollution on the convergence of labor productivity is the main body. Now, when the environmental pollution level is obviously higher than or below the average level, the rate of labor productivity convergence is low. When the area is relaxed, the convergence rate of labor productivity will be reduced, and the strict environmental regulation measures will also reduce the rate of convergence of labor production rate, that is, the intensity of environmental regulation and labor. There is a significant inverse "U" relationship between the rate of convergence of productivity.
【学位授予单位】：重庆大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：X22;F224;F249.22

【参考文献】