Investment,Terrorism and Military Expenditure:An Analysis of
发布时间：2021-07-16 16:30
恐怖主义及其影响是近二十年来世界范围内的热点问题。恐怖主义是一个群体、个人或次国家团体使用暴力或威胁,以通过恐惧或威胁获得社会、政治或宗教目标。大多数遭受恐怖袭击的穆斯林国家都经历了这场全球灾难。然而,巴基斯坦、阿富汗、伊拉克、尼日利亚和叙利亚的恐怖袭击占全球的78%。此外,2006年至2013年间,穆斯林社区遭受了高达82%的恐怖主义袭击。为减少恐怖主义的发生,军事开支被用于打击恐怖主义。恐怖主义的减少将增加投资水平。由于这种现象,遭遇恐怖袭击率较高的国家会增加军费来提高投资水平。在发展中国家的不同地区,恐怖主义和投资的趋势各不相同。研究涵盖拥有相同的宗教团体的国内和发展中国家总体恐怖主义,并调查他们与投资的关系。我们还讨论了在9/11事件发生前后穆斯林发展中国家的恐怖主义和投资之间的关系,因为在9/11事件发生后,穆斯林发展中国家的恐怖袭击事件占多数。在美国9/11事件的发生是穆斯林发展中国家恐怖主义开始增多的主要转折点。在国内恐怖主义中,受害者、目标和地点属于国内,跨国恐怖主义包括受害者、目标和,都地点均来自不同的国家。由于投资的意外回报,恐怖袭击的增加会增加投资的机会成本。此外...
【文章来源】：山东大学山东省 211工程院校 985工程院校 教育部直属院校
【文章页数】：127 页
【学位级别】：博士
【文章目录】：
Acknowledgements
摘要
ABSTRACT
Chapter 1 NTRODUCTION
1.1 Objective of the Study
1.2 Graphical Analysis
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Definition and Concept
2.2 How to Define Terrorism
2.3 Background on Terrorism
2.4 New Concept of Terrorism
2.5 History of Terrorism in Pakistan and Afghanistan
2.6 Economic Theories of Terrorism
2.7 Economic theories of Investment
2.8 Causes of Terrorism
2.9 Relationship of Terrorism and Military Expenditure with Investment
2.10 Economic Effects of Terrorism
2.11 Effect of Terrorism on Business Community
2.12 Influences on Financial Market
2.13 Macroeconomic Consequences of Terrorism
2.14 Trade
2.15 Economic Growth
2.16 Summary of Literature Review
Chapter 3 THEORETICAL MODEL of INVESTMENT
3.1 Key assumptions
3.2 Objective Function
3.3 Constraints
3.4 Final Constraint
3.5 Poisson Process
3.6 State Equation
3.7 Costate Equation
Chapter 4 DESCRIPTION of VARIABLES and DATA
4.1 Key Variables
4.2 Control Variables
4.3 Descriptive statistics
4.4 Econometric Evidence
4.5 Statistical Technique
4.5.1 Heteroscedasticity and the General Linear regression Model
4.5.2 Testing for Heterockedasticity
4.5.3 Remedial Measures for Heterockedasticity
4.5.4 White Robust Standard Errors
4.6 Generalized Least Square (GLS) Estimator
4.6.1 Properties of GLS
4.6.2 Shortcomings in GLS Estimator
4.7 Feasible Generalized Least Square Estimator
4.7.1 Major Problems with FGLS Estimators
4.7.2 Properties of FGLS
4.8 Choice of Dynamic Model
4.8.1 Difference and System GMM
4.8.2 Advantages of SGMM
Chapter 5 ESTIMATION RESULTS and INTERPRETATION
5.1 Domestic Terrorism across Muslim Developing Countries
5.1.1 Domestic Terrorism across Christian Developing Countries
5.1.2 Domestic Terrorism; A Comparison between Muslim and Christian developingCountries
5.2 Total Terrorism across Muslim Developing Countries
5.2.1 Total Terrorism across Christian Developing Countries
5.2.3 Total Terrorism; A Comparison between Muslim and Christian developingCountries
5.3 Discussion
5.4 Terrorism among Muslim's Developing Countries:Post 9/11 Analysis
5.4.1 Terrorism among Muslim's Developing Countries:Pre 9/11 Analysis
Chapter 6 CONCLUSION
6.1 Limitation of Study
6.2 Further Research
REFERENCES
学位论文评阅及答辩情况表
本文编号：3287354
【文章来源】：山东大学山东省 211工程院校 985工程院校 教育部直属院校
【文章页数】：127 页
【学位级别】：博士
【文章目录】：
Acknowledgements
摘要
ABSTRACT
Chapter 1 NTRODUCTION
1.1 Objective of the Study
1.2 Graphical Analysis
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Definition and Concept
2.2 How to Define Terrorism
2.3 Background on Terrorism
2.4 New Concept of Terrorism
2.5 History of Terrorism in Pakistan and Afghanistan
2.6 Economic Theories of Terrorism
2.7 Economic theories of Investment
2.8 Causes of Terrorism
2.9 Relationship of Terrorism and Military Expenditure with Investment
2.10 Economic Effects of Terrorism
2.11 Effect of Terrorism on Business Community
2.12 Influences on Financial Market
2.13 Macroeconomic Consequences of Terrorism
2.14 Trade
2.15 Economic Growth
2.16 Summary of Literature Review
Chapter 3 THEORETICAL MODEL of INVESTMENT
3.1 Key assumptions
3.2 Objective Function
3.3 Constraints
3.4 Final Constraint
3.5 Poisson Process
3.6 State Equation
3.7 Costate Equation
Chapter 4 DESCRIPTION of VARIABLES and DATA
4.1 Key Variables
4.2 Control Variables
4.3 Descriptive statistics
4.4 Econometric Evidence
4.5 Statistical Technique
4.5.1 Heteroscedasticity and the General Linear regression Model
4.5.2 Testing for Heterockedasticity
4.5.3 Remedial Measures for Heterockedasticity
4.5.4 White Robust Standard Errors
4.6 Generalized Least Square (GLS) Estimator
4.6.1 Properties of GLS
4.6.2 Shortcomings in GLS Estimator
4.7 Feasible Generalized Least Square Estimator
4.7.1 Major Problems with FGLS Estimators
4.7.2 Properties of FGLS
4.8 Choice of Dynamic Model
4.8.1 Difference and System GMM
4.8.2 Advantages of SGMM
Chapter 5 ESTIMATION RESULTS and INTERPRETATION
5.1 Domestic Terrorism across Muslim Developing Countries
5.1.1 Domestic Terrorism across Christian Developing Countries
5.1.2 Domestic Terrorism; A Comparison between Muslim and Christian developingCountries
5.2 Total Terrorism across Muslim Developing Countries
5.2.1 Total Terrorism across Christian Developing Countries
5.2.3 Total Terrorism; A Comparison between Muslim and Christian developingCountries
5.3 Discussion
5.4 Terrorism among Muslim's Developing Countries:Post 9/11 Analysis
5.4.1 Terrorism among Muslim's Developing Countries:Pre 9/11 Analysis
Chapter 6 CONCLUSION
6.1 Limitation of Study
6.2 Further Research
REFERENCES
学位论文评阅及答辩情况表
本文编号：3287354
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