汉语小称的音系学分析

发布时间：2018-02-26 18:22

本文关键词： 小称标记汉语方言音系分析类型学　出处：《华东师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：小称在语言中是一个普遍的概念,通常用来表小,但同时又有表可爱、喜欢和戏谑的延伸含义。一系列的形态手段可以用来构成小称,例如附加词缀、重叠、改变名词词类或词性,或者改变辅音、元音或声调。国外有许多对小称的语言学研究,涉及诸多语言,而国内的研究大多关注描述小称语料,且学者们大多致力于总结出小称发展的时间线,而非找出语料背后的语言共性和结构规则。此外,国内的小称研究通常局限于一个方言或一个方言地区,缺少对跨方言和跨方言区的系统比较和观察。总而言之,汉语小称的研究需要填补两方面的空白:一是在生成音系框架下进行系统的分析,二是进行全面的具有类型学意义的研究。因此,本文旨在从不同的汉语方言搜集丰富的小称语料进行研究,从而填补汉语小称音系研究的空白。文中作者将来自不同汉语方言的小称语料进行收集,分类,展示和分析,描绘了小称手段的概况。同时,文章也援引了当代语言学理论,在生成音系学的框架下详细分析了这些汉语小称。本文主要关注了四个问题:(1)就音系结构而言,汉语方言的小称可以分为几类?(2)依照当代音系理论,汉语小称表现出哪些音系行为?(3)哪些音系规则支配着小称标记的变化?(4)不同的汉语方言小称有哪些语言共性?基于对语料的系统分析,本文发现汉语主要有五种不同的小称形式,即附加词缀、音节融合、小称变韵、小称变调和重叠。汉语中附加词缀的小称构成又可进一步细分为附加后缀、前缀和中缀。小称后缀最为丰富,其中儿缀又是使用最频繁的小称标记。音节融合的小称手段通过一个不能自成音节的小称标记与原词音节融合来体现小称,最常见的是通过融合一个卷舌音或者鼻音来标记小称。汉语中通过音节融合构成小称的过程受到汉语音节结构的制约和影响。小称变韵的研究主要通过运用特征传播理论和标记性理论展开。小称变韵变化的方向趋于通过减少音段来简化小称韵,同时向着最无标记性的央元音转变。另一种小称标记是小称变调。小称变调分为合变式和分变式两类,这两种小称变调都表现出小称含义和高调具有紧密的关联。不过,本章也提出了低调小称的反例,但是这种特殊的低调通常是为了格外标记小称含义。小称重叠包括完全重叠和部分重叠,重叠的部分可能是音段也可能是声调。基于语料和音系分析,本文提出了汉语小称的两大变化趋势。其中主要的趋势是变得越来越无标记性,与之相反的趋势是通过提升标记性突出小称含义。
[Abstract]:Acronym is a common concept in language, usually used to express small, but at the same time have a lovely, like and playful extension of meaning. A series of morphological means can be used to form small names, such as additional affixes, overlapping, There are many linguistic studies on small names in foreign countries, involving many languages, while most of the domestic studies focus on the description of small scale corpus. Moreover, most scholars are devoted to summing up the time line of the development of small scale, rather than finding out the common language and structural rules behind the corpus. In addition, the study of small scale in China is usually confined to a dialect or a dialect area. There is a lack of systematic comparison and observation of cross-dialect and cross-dialect areas. In a word, the study of small names in Chinese needs to fill in two gaps: one is to carry out systematic analysis in the framework of generating phonology. The second is to conduct a comprehensive typological study. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to collect a wealth of small names from different Chinese dialects for research. In this paper, the author collects, classifies, displays and analyzes the data from different Chinese dialects, and describes the general situation of the megalomorphic means. At the same time, the paper also invokes contemporary linguistic theories. In the framework of generative phonology, this paper analyzes these Chinese nicknames in detail. This paper mainly focuses on four questions: 1) in terms of phonological structure, Chinese dialects can be divided into several categories. According to the contemporary phonological theory, what phonological behavior does the Chinese small scale exhibit? (3) which phonological rules govern the variation of small scale markers? What are the linguistic commonalities in different Chinese dialects? Based on the systematic analysis of the corpus, this paper finds that there are five different forms of small names in Chinese, that is, affixes, syllable fusion and rhyme variation. In Chinese, the minor forms of affixes can be further subdivided into additional suffixes, prefixes and inaffixes. The child affix is also the most frequently used small name mark. The small scale means of syllable fusion embodies the small name by a small name mark which cannot form its own syllable with the original syllable. The most common way is to mark a small name by merging a twistle or nasal sound. The process of forming a small name by syllable fusion in Chinese is restricted and influenced by the Chinese syllable structure. The research on the rhyme of small scale is mainly through the use of characteristics. Spreading Theory and Markedness Theory. The direction of changing the rhyme of small scale tends to simplify the rhyme by reducing the syllables. At the same time, there is a shift to the most unmarked central vowel. The other is the minor variant, which is divided into two categories: the consonant variant and the fractional variant, both of which show a close correlation between the small scale and the high tone. However, This chapter also presents counterexample of low-key nicknames, but this special understatement is usually used to extra mark the meaning of small names. Small-name overlaps include complete overlap and partial overlap. Based on the analysis of corpus and phonology, this paper proposes two major trends of variation of Chinese small names. The main trend is to become more and more unmarked. The opposite trend is to highlight the meaning of a small term by enhancing markedness.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H11

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