大熊猫食笋季节食物资源竞争

发布时间：2018-04-13 08:43

本文选题：大熊猫 + 食物资源　；参考：《贵州师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)是中国特有的大熊猫科动物,同时也是全球生物多样性保护的旗舰物种,其种群的现状与发展一直受到广泛的关注。由于竹子的低营养含量特征,大熊猫能够从中获取的有效营养收益十分有限,因此,营养含量相对较高的竹笋在大熊猫的繁殖育幼等重要生命活动中起着重要作用。但目前缺乏关于笋期大熊猫觅食策略及其与同域物种之间食物资源竞争的研究。2016年3月开始,本研究以秦岭野生大熊猫为研究对象,在陕西佛坪国家级自然保护区,通过对野外觅食行为的直接观察和固定竹笋样方的定期监测,研究秦岭大熊猫在重要觅食时期—食笋时期的种间食物竞争状况,分析种间食物竞争可能对大熊猫产生的影响,探讨大熊猫在这一种间食物竞争状态下的觅食策略及其生物学意义,为野生大熊猫的科学保护与管理提供重要的基础资料。主要研究结果如下:1、研究区内的大熊猫采食巴山木竹(Bashania fargesii)竹笋的时间为每年的4-6月份,此后随着巴山木竹竹笋的木质化,大熊猫从6月中旬开始迁徙至高海拔地区采食秦岭箭竹(Fargesia qinlingensis)竹笋。虽然笋期大熊猫在对巴山木竹以及秦岭箭竹采食点的选择上有一定的差异,但这些采食点的共同特征是成竹基径较大、高度较高等这些发笋质量较好的地方。同时,在对竹子相关变量特征的选择上均倾向于选择基径较大、高度较高的竹笋。这些研究结果表明大熊猫在笋期的觅食策略与其他面临严峻营养挑战的食草动物相似,即通过在异质化的竹笋斑块中选择营养质量较高的食物资源从而最大化自身的营养收益。2、在研究区内与大熊猫同域分布的物种中,野猪(Sus scrofa)、羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor)、黑熊(Ursus thibetanus)、鸟类、昆虫存在在笋期采食竹笋的行为。在这些竞争种之间,野猪对两种大熊猫主食的两种竹笋的采食量均较大,而其他物种对于大熊猫采食竹笋的干扰较小。同时,二者在对食物资源以及微生境中各变量的选择上并没有明显的差异,却在采食竹笋的数量上差异不大。因此,我们推测对竹子这一食物资源的特化适应使得大熊猫具有较高的觅食效率,从而在食物资源丰富的情况下能与野猪在采食过程中达到竞争性共存。3、本研究结合微生境选择及食物资源利用方式,首次对大熊猫与同域物种之间在食笋季节的食物资源竞争关系进行分析和探讨,研究成果有助于理解专食性物种与广食性物种之间的竞争关系以及共存机制,同时为野生大熊猫的科学保护与管理提供一定的基础资料。
[Abstract]:Ailuropoda melanoleuca (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a unique big bear cat in China. It is also the flagship species of biodiversity conservation in the world. The current situation and development of the giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca has received extensive attention.Due to the characteristics of low nutrient content of bamboo, the effective nutritional benefits of giant panda are very limited. Therefore, bamboo shoots with relatively high nutrient content play an important role in the important life activities, such as breeding and breeding of giant pandas.However, there is a lack of research on the foraging strategy of giant pandas in bamboo shoot stage and the competition of food resources between the giant pandas and their native species. Since March 2016, the study has been conducted in Foping National Nature Reserve, Shaanxi Province, with the wild giant panda in Qinling Mountains as the research object.Through direct observation of foraging behavior in the field and regular monitoring of fixed bamboo shoots, the interspecific food competition of giant pandas in Qinling Mountains during the period of important foraging and bamboo shoot feeding was studied, and the influence of interspecific food competition on giant pandas was analyzed.To explore the foraging strategy and biological significance of giant panda under the condition of interspecies food competition, and to provide important basic data for the scientific protection and management of wild giant panda.The main results are as follows: 1. The time of the giant panda to feed on the bamboo shoots of Bashania fargesii is from April to June of each year, and then along with the lignification of the bamboo shoots in Bashania fargesii.The giant panda began to migrate to the high altitude in mid-June to feed on the bamboo shoots of Fargesia qinlingensis in the Qinling Mountains.Although the bamboo shoot stage giant pandas have some differences in the selection of the feeding sites of Bashan bamboo and Qinling bamboo, the common characteristics of these feeding sites are the larger diameter of bamboo base and the higher height of bamboo shoot.At the same time, the bamboo shoots with larger basal diameter and higher height tended to be selected in the selection of the characteristics of bamboo related variables.The findings suggest that the giant panda's foraging strategy at the shoot stage is similar to that of other herbivores facing severe nutritional challenges.Insects eat bamboo shoots at shoot stage.Among these competing species, wild boars had a greater intake of the two bamboo shoots of the two kinds of giant panda staple food, while other species did not interfere with the eating of bamboo shoots of giant pandas.At the same time, there was no significant difference between the two in the selection of food resources and the variables in microenvironment, but there was no significant difference in the number of bamboo shoots.Therefore, we speculate that the adaptation to bamboo, a food resource, makes the giant panda more efficient in foraging.Therefore, in the case of abundant food resources, we can achieve competitive coexistence with wild boar in the course of feeding. This study combined microhabitat selection and food resource utilization mode.The competition relationship of food resources between giant panda and homogenous species in bamboo shoot season is analyzed and discussed for the first time. The results of the study are helpful to understand the competitive relationship and coexistence mechanism between special-eating species and broad-eating species.At the same time, it provides some basic data for the scientific protection and management of wild pandas.
【学位授予单位】：贵州师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S865.3

【参考文献】