东北黑土农田不同杂草管理方式下土壤跳虫多样性变化及机制研究

发布时间：2018-04-23 01:19

本文选题：农田生态系统 + 土地利用方式　；参考：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：农田生态系统的稳定不仅关乎耕地质量和作物产量,而且与农田生态服务功能密切相关。农田土壤动物和农田杂草是农田生物多样性的重要组成部分,为维持农田生态系统稳定具有重要作用。然而,除草剂的使用在消灭杂草的同时不仅污染了土壤环境也对土壤动物产生了毒害作用,导致土壤动物种类和数量大量减少。其中土壤跳虫作为土壤动物的三大类群之一,对土壤坏境、耕地质量有重要作用,并且对坏境变化敏感。改变除草方式对保护土壤动物、降低除草剂使用、解决杂草与作物间的矛盾、合理利用田间杂草,为耕地质量保护及农田生态系统稳定、提高农用地生态管理效益服务具有重要意义。本文通过凋落物袋法与不同杂草管理方式控制实验相结合的方法研究杂草叶片还田对跳虫群落结构、丰富度、多样性的影响,探讨土壤跳虫对叶片分解、养分转化的作用,解析杂草管理方式对土壤跳虫及土壤环境的影响。通过凋落物袋法获得跳虫13653只,隶属于5科9属11种,其中优势种为Sinella umesaoi、Thalassaphorura encarpata和Lepidocyrtus sp.1。单一叶片之间跳虫相对多度及个体数的差异明显,稗草叶片与新鲜玉米叶片和苋菜叶片相比跳虫数量相对较低;多种叶片混合与单一叶片相比跳虫数量相对较高,苋菜+稗草苋菜+稗草+老熟玉米苋菜稗草老熟玉米。不同时间跳虫群落结构变化显著,30天与10天相比,Thalassaphorura encarpata和Sinella umesaoi所占比例显著升高。单一叶片对物种丰富度没有影响,叶片多样性的增加跳虫物种丰富度有增加的趋势。各类叶片处理中多样性指数和均匀度指数差异不显著。不同单一叶片之间分解速率存在显著差异,苋菜叶片新鲜玉米叶片稗草叶片=老熟玉米叶片;多种叶片混合相对增加了叶片分解速率,从大到小依次是苋菜苋菜+稗草+老熟玉米苋菜+稗草稗草老熟玉米,其中三种叶片混合分解速率显著高于稗草和老熟玉米叶片分解速率。通过调查不同杂草管理方式共获得4341只跳虫,隶属于9种,优势种为Thalassaphorura sp.1、Folsomia sp.1、Sinella sp.1。不同杂草管理方式中的土壤跳虫数量不同,各种处理土壤跳虫数量对时间变化而变化,总体来说杂草刈割还田对土壤跳虫数量有积极影响。杂草管理方式对土壤跳虫群落结构及物种丰富度没有显著影响。土壤跳虫垂直分布方面具有表聚性,0~5cm深度跳虫数量高于5~10cm的跳虫数量。跳虫数量与土壤含水量在不同时期呈现不同的相关关系。在整个实验期间,不同的杂草管理方式与土壤肥力之间没有显著的相关关系。跳虫总数与C、N、P、K呈正相关关系,除球角跳外,其他跳虫与除草剂处理呈现负相关关系。
[Abstract]:The stability of farmland ecosystem is not only related to cultivated land quality and crop yield, but also closely related to farmland ecological service function. Soil animals and weeds are important components of farmland biodiversity and play an important role in maintaining farmland ecosystem stability. However, the use of herbicides not only pollutes the soil environment but also poisons soil animals, resulting in a large reduction in the species and number of soil animals. As one of the three groups of soil animals, soil jumper plays an important role in soil environment and cultivated land quality, and is sensitive to the change of soil environment. Changing the way of weeding can protect soil animals, reduce the use of herbicides, solve the contradiction between weeds and crops, and make rational use of weeds in the field, so as to protect the quality of cultivated land and stabilize the farmland ecosystem. It is of great significance to improve the benefit service of agricultural land ecological management. In this paper, the effects of returning weed leaves to field on the structure, richness and diversity of the community were studied by combining litter bag method with different weed management methods, and the effects of soil jumper on leaf decomposition and nutrient transformation were discussed. The effect of weed management on soil jumper and soil environment was analyzed. 13653 individuals belonging to 9 genera and 11 species belonging to 5 families were obtained by litter bag method. The dominant species were Thalassaphorura encarpata and Lepidocyrtus sp.1.The dominant species were Thalassaphorura encarpata and Lepidocyrtus sp.1.The dominant species were Thalassaphorura encarpata and Lepidocyrtus sp.1. There were significant differences in relative abundance and number of individuals among single leaves, and the number of jumpworms in barnyard grass leaves was relatively lower than that in fresh corn leaves and amaranth leaves, and the number of jumper insects in mixed leaves was higher than that in single leaves. Amaranth, barnyard amaranth, old mature corn, amaranth, barnyardgrass, corn. The percentage of Thalassaphorura encarpata and Sinella umesaoi increased significantly in 30 days and 10 days, respectively. Single leaf had no effect on species richness, and the increase of leaf diversity had a trend of increasing species richness. There was no significant difference in diversity index and evenness index between different leaf treatments. There were significant differences in decomposition rate among different single leaves. Fresh corn leaves of amaranth leaves = mature maize leaves, and mixed leaves increased the decomposition rate of leaves. The order from big to small is amaranth and amaranth. The rate of mixed decomposition of three kinds of leaves is higher than that of barnyard grass and mature corn. A total of 4341 Trichophynchia sp. sp. belonging to 9 species were obtained by investigation of different weed management methods. The dominant species was Thalassaphorura sp.1Folsomia sp.1Sinella sp.1. The number of soil jumper in different weed management methods is different, and the amount of soil jumper changes with different treatments. In general, the amount of soil jumper is positively affected by weed mowing and returning to the field. Weed management had no significant effect on the community structure and species richness. The vertical distribution of soil jumper was higher than that of 5~10cm at a depth of 5 cm. There were different correlations between the amount of jumper and soil moisture content in different periods. There was no significant correlation between different weed management methods and soil fertility during the whole experiment. There was a positive correlation between the total number of Trichophynchia and Cnn Pnu K, and a negative correlation was found between the total number and herbicide treatment, except for the bulbous angle jump.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S451;S154

【相似文献】