部分油茶品种有性杂交与无性杂交亲和性研究

发布时间：2018-05-01 19:31

  本文选题：油茶 + 杂交亲和　； 参考：《中南林业科技大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：油茶(Camellia oleifera)是我国所特有的可食用木本油料植物,其适应性广,抗逆性强,已有2000多年的人工栽培应用历史,但在生产中还普遍存在着坐果率低、产量低等问题,为了更好地探索油茶生殖生物学特性,为良种选育和丰产栽培研究提供理论与技术依据,本研究以'湘林10号'、'湘林97号'、茅岗大果、白皮中子、'湘林53号'、'湘林1号'、'湘林190号'七个优良无性系为实验材料,通过芽苗砧嫁接,田间控制授粉与座果率调查,并结合石蜡切片,荧光显微观察等方法,对其不同品种间杂交及芽苗砧嫁接亲和性进行了研究。主要结果如下:1.以四个油茶品种'湘林10号'、'湘林97号'、茅岗大果与白皮中子做杂交亲和性研究。其单株及群体花期都比较长,从10月下旬开花至12月上旬,基本持续40d左右的时间,整体上四个品种的花期基本相遇。同时发现四个不同油茶品种之间的花部器官指数存有一定的差异性,其中在雌蕊长、胚珠数目和雄蕊数等方面存有显著差异,且四个品种的花冠都超过了 7cm。'湘林10号'、'湘林97号'、茅岗大果、白皮中子的花粉萌发率分别为94.4%、98.7%、95.3%、81.4%,该油茶品种的雄配子为可育。且其花粉胚珠比P/O都介于2108-195525.0之间,为专性异交类型,并与0CI检测的结果一致。四个品种的经济性状指标之间有一定差异,每个品种都在某些性状方面占有一定的优势,但没有一个品种在各项经济指标上占完全优势。'湘林10号'品种坐果率最高,达到76.84%;'湘林10号'的鲜出籽率最高,为46.25%;'湘林97号'的干籽出仁率最高,为64.32%;茅岗大果的干出籽率、种仁含油率、鲜果含油率均最高,分别为 27.85%、48.86%、7.97%。2.以'湘林53号'、'湘林1号'作为嫁接用砧木,以'湘林190号'作为接穗。在嫁接后的第4天,嫁接口产生隔离层;在嫁接后的第10天,嫁接口的砧木产生愈伤组织;在嫁接后的第22天,嫁接口的接穗产生愈伤组织;在嫁接后的第34天,嫁接口的砧木与接穗通过产生的愈伤组织块互相连接;在嫁接后的第52天,嫁接口的形成层形成;在嫁接后的第63天,嫁接口的愈伤组织维管束形成,接穗连接成功。'湘林1号'作为砧木与'湘林190号'作为接穗嫁接的亲和性较好,砧穗的接合部位细胞解剖结构其相似度较大。形成层是油茶芽苗砧嫁接体产生愈伤组织的主要来源,因此在嫁接中应尽量做到形成层对齐、密接。3.异花花粉能在柱头上正常萌发,在杂交授粉后2h,柱头上的花粉开始大量萌发,且不同杂交组合按花粉萌发数量递减排列分别为'湘林97号'× '湘林10号'、'湘林10号'×'湘林97号'、湘林10号'×茅岗大果、'湘林10号'×白皮中子、茅岗大果×'湘林10号'、白皮中子×'湘林10号';杂交授粉后4h,发现花粉管已经穿过柱头的乳突细胞伸至柱头内,并向花柱上部的引导组织逐渐伸入,杂交组合'湘林10号'×'湘林97号'的花粉管伸至柱头内的数量较多;杂交授粉8h后花粉管到达花柱中部,24h后到达花柱基部,60h后直至112h可陆续观察到杂交花粉管正常进入子房和胚珠之中并完成双受精过程。花粉管的平均生长速度'湘林10号'×'湘林97号'为36.12mm/h,'湘林10号'×茅岗大果为33.24mm/h,'湘林10号'×白皮中子为31.16mm/h,'湘林97号'×'湘林10号'为34.26mm/h,茅岗大果'×湘林10号'为31.02mm/h,白皮中子×'湘林 10 号'为 30.88mm/h。4.双受精和胚胎发育过程正常时,一个助细胞会在精细胞进入之前即退化解体,合点端可以看见有两个反足细胞。杂交授粉后60 h,极核与精细胞融合,授粉后112 h,精卵细胞融合。油茶受精方式为珠孔受精,配子融合属于有丝分裂前类型。杂交授粉后12 d,形成合子,胚乳发育类型为核型胚乳。在油茶杂交后112h,可以观察到部分胚珠的珠心组织与内外珠被均正常,观察发现植物胚珠表现与正常的胚珠无异,但是胚囊较萎缩与狭长,且被填满了褐色的物质,而且胚囊的体积很小,已经退化坏死。也有部分胚珠会出现胚囊发育异常导致坏死。杂交组合茅岗大果'×湘林10号'与白皮中子×'湘林10号'的结果中表现为坏死的植物胚珠最多,其次为杂交组合'湘林10号'×茅岗大果、'湘林10号'×白皮中子与'湘林97号'×'湘林10号'的结果,杂交组合'湘林10号'×'湘林97号'的表现为坏死的植物胚珠最少。
[Abstract]:Camellia oleifera is a unique edible woody oil plant in China. It has a wide adaptability and strong resistance. It has been used for more than 2000 years in artificial cultivation. But there are many problems in production, such as low fruit setting rate and low yield. In order to better explore the reproductive biological characteristics of Camellia, it is a good breeding and high yield cultivation study. To provide theoretical and technical basis, this study takes' Xiang Lin 10 ',' Xiang Lin 97 ', Maogang big fruit, white skin neutrons,' Xiang Lin 53 ',' Xiang Lin 1 ',' Xiang Lin 190 'seven excellent clones as experimental materials, grafted by buds and anvil, control pollination and fruit setting rate in field, and combined with paraffin section, fluorescence microscopic observation and other methods, to its different varieties The main results were as follows: 1. the compatibility of four camellia varieties' Xiang Lin 10 ',' Xiang Lin 97 ', Maogang big fruit and white skin neutrons were studied. The flowering period of single plant and population was long, from late October to early December, it lasted about 40d, and four varieties were on the whole. At the same time, the florescence of the four different camellia varieties had a certain difference, in which there was a significant difference in the length of the pistil, the number of ovules and the number of stamens, and the corolla of the four varieties exceeded 7cm.'Xiang Lin 10', 'Xiang Lin 97', Maogang big fruit, and the pollen germination rate of white skin neutrons respectively. For 94.4%, 98.7%, 95.3%, 81.4%, the male gamete of the tea variety was fertile, and its pollen ovule was between P/O and 2108-195525.0. It was a specific cross type and was consistent with the result of 0CI detection. There was a certain difference between the economic traits of the four varieties, each of which had some advantages in some traits, but no one. The variety has the full advantage in various economic indexes. The fruit setting rate of 'Xiang Lin 10' is the highest, reaching 76.84%. The highest rate of fresh out seed of 'Xiang Lin 10' is the highest, 46.25%, and the highest yield of the dry seed of the 'Xiang Lin 97' is the highest, 64.32%. The seed oil rate of Maogang big fruit, the kernel oil content and the oil content of fresh fruit are the highest, 27.85%, 48.86%, 7.97%.2. to 'Xiang Lin 5.' No. 3 ',' Xiang Lin 1 'as a grafted rootstock, taking' Xiang Lin 190 'as a scion. In fourth days after grafting, the marriage interface produces isolation layer; on the tenth day after grafting, the rootstock of the married interface produces callus; on the twenty-second day after grafting, the graft of the married interface produces callus; on the thirty-fourth day after grafting, the rootstock of the married interface passes through the scion on the thirty-fourth day after grafting. The callus produced were connected to each other; the formation layer of the interfacing interface was formed on the fifty-second day after grafting; in the sixty-third day after grafting, the vascular bundles of the callus were formed and the connection of the scion was successfully connected. The affinity of the rootstock and the 'Xiang Lin 190' as the rootstock and 'Xiang Lin 190' was better, and the anatomical structure of the joint part of the anvil was similar. The formation layer is the main source of callus production in the grafted body of the oil tea bud rootstock. Therefore, the formation layer should be aligned as much as possible in the grafting. The dense.3. pollen can germinate normally on the stigma. After the cross pollination, the pollen on the stigma begins to germinate, and the different hybrid combinations are arranged according to the number of pollen germination, respectively. 'Xiang Lin 97' * 'Xiang Lin 10', 'Xiang Lin 10' * 'Xiang Lin 97', Xiang Lin 10 'xomogang big fruit,' Xiang Lin '10' x white neutron, Maogang big fruit X 'Xiang Lin 10', white leather neutron X 'Xiang Lin 10'; after cross pollination 4h, it was found that the pollen tube had passed through the stigma to the stigma, and gradually extended into the guide tissue above the column. The number of the pollen tubes of the hybrid combination 'Xiang Lin 10' * 'Xiang Lin 97' is more in the stigma; after cross pollination 8h, the pollen tube reaches the middle of the style, and then reaches the base of the style after 24h. After 60H, the hybrid pollen tube can be observed to enter the ovary and ovule and complete the double fertilization process. The average growth rate of the pollen tube is' Xiang Lin 10 '. Number 'x' Xiang Lin 97 '36.12mm/h,' Xiang Lin 10 'x Maogang big fruit is 33.24mm/h,' Xiang Lin 10 '* white skin neutron is 31.16mm/h,' Xiang Lin 97 'x' Xiang Lin 10 'is 34.26mm/h, Maogang big fruit' XXXL 10 'is 31.02mm/h, white skin neutron X' Xiang Lin 10 'is 30.88mm/h.4. double fertilization and embryo development process normal, a helper cell will be in Two antipodal cells can be seen before the entry of sperm cells. 60 h after cross pollination, 60 h after pollination, 112 h after pollination and fusion of spermatocytes. The fertilization mode of Camellia oleifera is permt fertilization, and the fusion of gametes belongs to the type of pre mitosis. After cross pollination, the zygote is formed, and the type of endosperm development is nuclear endosperm. After the hybrid 112h, it was observed that the ovule tissue of some ovules and the inner and outer integument were normal. It was observed that the ovule showed no difference with the normal ovule, but the embryo sac was atrophy and long and filled with brown material, and the embryo sac was very small and had degenerated and necrotic. The hybrid combination of Maogang big fruit 'xxiang 10' and the white skin neutron X 'Xiang Lin 10' showed the most necrotic ovules, followed by the hybrid combination 'Xiang Lin 10' x maoang big fruit, 'Xiang Lin 10' * white skin neutron and 'Xiang Lin 97' x 'Xiang Lin 10', and a hybrid combination of 'Xiang Lin 10' * 'Xiang Lin 97' The ovules, which are now necrotic, are the least.

【学位授予单位】：中南林业科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S794.4
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本文编号：1830757