滴灌条件下玉米施氮制度优化研究

发布时间：2018-07-21 15:51

【摘要】：为了深入了解滴灌施肥技术在粮食生产中的作用,进一步探寻合理的施氮模式,本试验以玉米为研究对象,在滴灌施肥的条件下,研究了辽宁棕壤土区不同施氮量和施氮次数对玉米形态指标、光合特性、养分及产量等的影响。制定科学合理的施氮模式,为实现玉米生产的优质、高产,提高肥料利用效率,充分发挥滴灌施肥技术在粮食增产中的作用提供理论依据。主要结论如下:(1)当施氮次数一定,施氮量为75～225 kg/hm2时,玉米的株高和叶面积指数随着施氮量的增加呈现提高的趋势,225 kg/hm2施氮处理株高比175kg/hm2、125kg/hm2、75 kg/hm2和CK处理平均增长11%、16.2%、23.9%和28.9%;225 kg/hm2施氮处理叶面积指数比 175 kg/hm2、125 kg/hm2、75 kg/hm2和CK处理平均增长3.3%、8.1%、12.5%和 17.1%。当施氮量一定时,1次施氮处理条件下的玉米株高和叶面积指数在生育期大部分阶段均大于2次和3次施氮处理。在灌浆期之后施氮对株高几乎没有影响,在拔节期一次大量施氮能显著提高玉米的株高和叶面积指数,而分期多次施氮能在玉米生育后期减缓叶片的衰老,促进果实的发育。(2)当施氮次数一定,施氮量为75～225 kg/hm2时,增加施氮量可以提高玉米叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率,降低胞间C02浓度。当施氮量一定时,1次施氮处理叶片光合能力在玉米生育前期处于较高水平,后期光合作用明显下降。在灌浆期,3次施氮处理叶片水分利用效率是2次和1次施氮处理的1.01和1.03倍;在成熟期,3次施氮处理的净光合速率保持着较高水平,分别是2次和1次施氮处理的1.13和1.40倍,3次施氮较1次施氮能有效地延缓光合能力在玉米生育后期的下降,增加玉米叶片高光合持续期。(3)从整个生育期来看,在施氮次数相同,施氮量为75～225 kg/hm2的情况下,玉米各生育期的干物积累量和氮素积累量会随施氮量增加而增加,在灌浆期后最为明显。当施氮量一定时,3次施氮处理在玉米生育后期干物质积累量和积累速率明显高于2次和1次施氮处理,在灌浆期,3次施氮处理干物质积累量比2次和1次施氮处理平均提高了4.3%和8.8%。施氮量对氮素积累量的影响要小于施氮次数,1次大量施氮只能在短期内提高玉米的氮素积累量,无法满足玉米生育后期对养分的需求,不利于整个生育期养分的吸收利用。(4)本试验研究得出,当施氮量在75～225 kg/hm2时,玉米的产量随施氮量增加呈提高趋势。在相同的施氮量下,3次施氮处理产量比2次和1次施氮处理平均提高了5.4%和9.5%。随着施氮量的增加,玉米的氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力呈现出不同程度的下降趋势;在同一施氮量下,3次施氮处理的氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力要显著高于2次和1次施氮处理。(5)在本研究中,与不施氮肥处理相比,随着施氮量的增加,玉米籽粒蛋白质、脂肪和淀粉量呈现出增加的趋势。当总施氮量一定时,3次施氮处理蛋白质含量比2次和1次施氮处理平均增加3.7%和2.5%;脂肪含量平均增加2.1%和2.1%;淀粉含量平均增加1.2%和1.6%。(6)通过主成分分析法,对玉米的产量和品质进行分析,得到当施氮模式为T3N4和T3N3(施氮次数为3次,施氮量为175～225kg/hm2)时,主成分得分最高,在各处理中产量和品质均达到最优状态。
[Abstract]:In order to understand the role of drip fertilization technology in grain production and to further explore the rational nitrogen application model, the experiment was conducted to study the effects of different nitrogen application and nitrogen application times on Maize morphological indexes, photosynthetic characteristics, nutrient and yield under the condition of drip fertigation. In order to achieve high quality, high yield, improve the efficiency of fertilizer utilization and give full play to the role of drip fertilization technology in increasing grain yield, the main conclusions are as follows: (1) when the number of nitrogen application is fixed and the amount of nitrogen application is 75~225 kg/hm2, the plant height and leaf area index of jade rice are raised with the increase of nitrogen application. High trend, 225 kg/hm2 nitrogen treatment plant height than 175kg/hm2125kg/hm2,75 kg/hm2 and CK treatment increased 11%, 16.2%, 23.9% and 28.9%; 225 kg/hm2 application of nitrogen treatment leaf area index more than 175 kg/hm2125 kg/hm2,75 kg/hm2 and CK treatment average growth 3.3%, 8.1%, 12.5% and 17.1%. when nitrogen fertilizer application conditions, under the condition of nitrogen treatment under the condition of maize plant The height and leaf area index (height and leaf area index) were greater than 2 and 3 nitrogen treatments at most stages of the growth period. Nitrogen application after the filling period had little effect on plant height. A large amount of nitrogen application at the jointing stage could significantly increase the plant height and leaf area index of Maize, and the stages of nitrogen application could slow the senescence of leaves and promote the fruit development in the late stage of maize growth. (2) when nitrogen application was fixed and nitrogen application was 75~225 kg/hm2, the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency were increased, and the concentration of intercellular C02 was reduced. When nitrogen application was fixed, the photosynthetic capacity of leaves was higher in the early stage of maize breeding, and the photosynthesis decreased obviously in the later period of maize breeding. At the filling stage, the water use efficiency of the 3 nitrogen treatment leaves was 1.01 and 1.03 times that of the 1 nitrogen treatment. In the mature period, the net photosynthetic rate of the 3 nitrogen treatment remained high, 1.13 and 1.40 times that of the 2 and 1 nitrogen treatments respectively, while the 3 nitrogen application and 1 nitrogen application could delay the decrease of photosynthetic capacity in the late period of maize growth. (3) from the whole growth period, the amount of dry matter accumulation and nitrogen accumulation in each growth period of maize increased with the increase of nitrogen application, which was the most obvious after the grain filling period. When the amount of nitrogen application was fixed, the 3 nitrogen application treatment was after the maize fertility. The accumulation and accumulation rate of dry matter were significantly higher than that of 2 and 1 nitrogen treatments. In the filling period, the dry matter accumulation of the 3 nitrogen treatments increased by 4.3% and the nitrogen application rate of the 1 times increased by 4.3% and the nitrogen application rate of 8.8%. was less than the nitrogen application. The nitrogen accumulation of maize was increased only in the short term by the 1 large amount of nitrogen application. The method met the nutrient requirement in the late period of maize growth and was not conducive to the absorption and utilization of nutrients in the whole growth period. (4) the study showed that when nitrogen application was 75~225 kg/hm2, the yield of maize increased with the increase of nitrogen application. Under the same amount of nitrogen application, the yield of 3 nitrogen treatments increased by 5.4% and 9.5% compared with the 2 and 1 nitrogen treatments. With the increase of nitrogen application, nitrogen fertilizer utilization, nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and nitrogen partial productivity showed a decrease trend in different degrees. Under the same nitrogen application, nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate, nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and nitrogen partial productivity were significantly higher than 2 and 1 nitrogen application treatments at the same nitrogen application rate. (5) in this study, the nitrogen fertilizer treatment was not applied to the nitrogen fertilizer application. In comparison, with the increase of nitrogen application, the protein, fat and starch content of corn grain showed an increasing trend. When the total nitrogen application was fixed, the protein content of the 3 nitrogen treatments increased by 3.7% and 2.5% compared with the 2 and 1 nitrogen treatments, the fat content increased by 2.1% and 2.1%, and the starch content increased by 1.2% and 1.6%. (6) through the principal component. Analysis was made on the yield and quality of maize. When the nitrogen application model was T3N4 and T3N3 (3 times Shi Dan and 175 ~ 225kg/hm2), the main component score was the highest, and the yield and quality reached the optimal state in all treatments.
【学位授予单位】：沈阳农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S513

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