钝化剂对猪粪厌氧发酵过程产气特性及重金属钝化效果的研究
发布时间：2018-08-05 20:03
【摘要】：近年来,随着配合饲料养殖法的应用,饲料中添加一些重金属元素,导致畜禽粪便中重金属残留污染加剧。畜禽粪便中的重金属是制约其资源化的主要因素,畜禽养殖废弃物资源化的有效方式是沼气厌氧发酵。本论文试验以重金属为研究对象,猪粪为厌氧发酵原料,试验因素为不同种类钝化剂(粉煤灰、硅藻土、活性炭),不同添加比例(2.5%、5%、7.5%),不同温度(25℃、30℃、35℃),通过正交试验,采用BCR提取法分析重金属形态,探索三种不同钝化剂对猪粪厌氧发酵产气量、甲烷含量及重金属形态变化的影响,以期通过本试验研究,为沼渣沼液的安全合理利用提供科学依据。在试验研究中,通过上述的试验研究,得出以下主要结论:(1)试验结果表明,相较于空白组的试验,添加5%活性炭的钝化剂,温度为35℃条件下,其发酵产气量最高。通过极差及方差分析,影响产气量的因素主次顺序为钝化剂种类、温度与钝化剂添加比例;温度对产气量有显著的影响,钝化剂种类、钝化剂添加比例影响不显著;产气量最优方案是温度为35℃,钝化剂为粉煤灰,钝化剂添加比例为2.5%的试验处理。试验组甲烷含量总体在40%左右,甲烷含量较稳定,添加5%活性炭钝化剂,温度为30℃的试验甲烷含量最高,达到41.2%.甲烷含量的极差及方差分析表明,影响甲烷含量的因素主次顺序为钝化剂种类,温度与钝化剂添加比例;钝化剂种类对甲烷含量有显著的影响,钝化剂添加比例、温度影响不显著;甲烷含量最优方案是钝化剂为活性炭,温度为35℃,钝化剂添加比例为2.5%的处理组合。(2)发酵试验前,猪粪和接种物中,84.42%的重金属Zn,83.75%的重金属Cr,88.49%的As来源于猪粪。试验结束后,试验组沼渣中重金属Zn、Cr的含量分配率升高,分别占到86.49%～89.91%和87.33%～91.72%;As含量分配率有所降低,为78.18%～83.18%.猪粪厌氧发酵结束后,沼液中重金属Zn和Cr含量达到10.09%～13.51%和8.28%～12.67%;试验组沼液中的As含量在16.82%～21.82%之间。(3)发酵前猪粪中重金属Zn主要以可交换态(45.26%)和可还原态(21.89%)存在,重金属Cr和As主要以残渣态存在,所占比例达到66.15%、62.61%.试验结束后,各个试验组重金属Zn残渣态所占比例升高,升高幅度较大于各空白组的试验;可交换态的分配率仍较高,可氧化态与可还原态较少,所占比例较稳定;Cr、As仍以残渣态存在,所占比例有所升高,升高幅度较大于各空白组的试验;可交换态、可氧化态与可还原态分配率降低,发酵后所占比例低于空白组试验。(4)发酵结束后重金属Zn有效态的钝化效果最好是添加7.5%的粉煤灰,温度为35℃的试验组,钝化效果达到37.57%.重金属Cr有效态的钝化效果最好是添加5%活性炭,温度为35℃的试验组,钝化效果达到66.69%,As有效态的钝化效果最好为添加7.5%活性炭,温度为25℃的试验组,钝化效果为61.46%.试验组重金属Zn有效态钝化效果的极差及方差分析表明,影响其因素的主次顺序为钝化剂的种类,温度及钝化剂的浓度;钝化剂种类及温度对Zn有效态钝化效果有极显著的影响,钝化剂添加比例影响不显著;Zn有效态的钝化效果的最优方案是钝化剂为粉煤灰,,温度为25℃,钝化剂添加比例为2.5%试验处理。不同钝化剂对有效态Cr的钝化效果都达到40%之上。通过重金属Cr有效态的极差及方差分析可知,影响其因素的主次顺序为钝化剂的种类,温度及钝化剂的添加比例;钝化剂种类对Cr有效态钝化效果有显著的影响,钝化剂添加比例与温度影响不显著;Cr有效态的钝化效果最优方案是钝化剂为活性炭,温度为25℃,钝化剂添加比例为2.5%试验处理。不同钝化剂对有效态As的钝化效果都达到40%之上,As有效态钝化效果的极差及方差分析表明,影响其因素的主次顺序为钝化剂的种类,钝化剂的添加比例及温度;钝化剂种类对As有效态钝化效果有显著的影响,添加比例及温度影响不显著;As有效态的钝化效果最优方案是钝化剂为活性炭,温度为25℃,钝化剂添加比例为2.5%试验处理。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the application of the feed breeding method, some heavy metal elements have been added to the feed, which leads to the heavy metal residue in the feces of livestock and poultry. Heavy metals in livestock and poultry manure are the main factors that restrict its resource utilization. The effective way for the resource utilization of livestock and poultry is the anaerobic fermentation of biogas. Pig manure is an anaerobic fermentation material, and the test factors are different kinds of passivating agents (fly ash, diatomite, activated carbon), different proportions (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%), different temperatures (25, 30, 35). Through orthogonal test, the BCR extraction method is used to analyze the form of heavy metals, and to explore the gas production of three different passivating agents for pig manure, methane content In order to provide scientific basis for the safe and rational utilization of biogas slurry by this test, the following main conclusions are obtained through the experimental study. (1) the experimental results show that, compared with the test of the blank group, the passivating agent with 5% activated carbon is added, and the temperature is 35. By the difference and variance analysis, the factors affecting the gas production are the species of passivating agent and the proportion of the passivating agent, the temperature has a significant influence on the gas production, the type of passivating agent and the proportion of passivating agent is not significant; the optimum scheme of gas production is that the temperature is 35, the passivating agent is the fly ash, and the passivating agent is added. The methane content of the experimental group was 2.5%, the methane content was about 40%, the methane content was more stable, the 5% active carbon passivating agent was added, the methane content was highest at the temperature of 30 C. The difference and variance analysis of the methane content reached 41.2%.. The results showed that the factors affecting methane content were the species of passivating agent, temperature and passivating agent. In addition, the type of passivating agent has a significant effect on methane content, and the effect of passivating agent addition ratio is not significant; the optimal scheme of methane content is the passivating agent is activated carbon, the temperature is 35, and the ratio of passivating agent is 2.5%. (2) before the fermentation test, pig manure and inoculants, 84.42% heavy metal Zn, 83.75% heavy metal Cr, 88.49 % of As was derived from pig manure. After the experiment, the content distribution of heavy metals Zn and Cr in the test group was increased, accounting for 86.49% to 89.91% and 87.33% to 91.72%, respectively, and the distribution rate of As content decreased. After the anaerobic fermentation of pig manure from 78.18% to 83.18%., the content of heavy metals in the biogas slurry was 10.09% to 13.51% and 8.28% to 12.67% in the experiment group. The content of As in the biogas slurry is between 16.82% and 21.82%. (3) the heavy metal Zn in pig manure before fermentation is mainly exchangeable (45.26%) and reducible state (21.89%), and the heavy metal Cr and As mainly exist in the residue state, and the proportion of the heavy metals is up to 66.15%. After the 62.61%. test, the proportion of heavy metals Zn residue in each test group is higher and the increase is greater. The distribution rate of the exchangeable state is still high, the oxidizing state and the reducible state are relatively low, and the proportion of the exchangeable state is relatively stable. The proportion of Cr, As still exists in the residue state, and the proportion of the exchangeable state is higher than that of the blank group. The exchangeable state, the oxidizable state and the reducible state distribution rate are lower, the proportion of the fermented state is lower than the blank space. (4) (4) the passivation effect of the effective state of heavy metals after the fermentation is the best to add 7.5% fly ash and the test group at the temperature of 35 C. The passivation effect of passivation effect reaches the effective state of 37.57%. heavy metal Cr, which is best to add 5% activated carbon, the temperature is 35 C, the passivation effect reaches 66.69%, and the effective passivation effect of the effective state is best added. The test group with 7.5% activated carbon and temperature of 25 C, the passivation effect is the difference and variance analysis of the effective passivation effect of heavy metal Zn in the 61.46%. test group. It shows that the main and secondary order of the factors is the kind of passivating agent, the temperature and the concentration of the passivating agent; the passivating agent and the temperature have a very significant influence on the effective passivation effect of the Zn, passivating agent The effect of addition ratio is not significant; the best passivating effect of Zn effective state is that passivating agent is fly ash, the temperature is 25, and the ratio of passivating agent is 2.5%. The passivation effect of different passivating agents on effective Cr is up to 40%. The type of passivating agent, temperature and the addition ratio of passivating agent, passivating agent has a significant effect on the effective passivation effect of Cr, and the effect of passivating agent addition ratio and temperature is not significant; the best passivating effect of Cr effective passivating agent is activated charcoal, the temperature is 25, and the ratio of passivating agent is 2.5%. The passivation effect of effective state As is above 40%. The difference and variance analysis of the effective passivation effect of As show that the main and secondary order of the factors affecting the effective state are the type of passivating agent, the addition ratio and temperature of the passivating agent; the passivating agent has a significant influence on the effective passivation effect of As, and the effect of addition ratio and temperature is not significant; As effective state The best scheme of passivation effect is passivation agent is activated carbon, the temperature is 25 degrees, and the passivating agent proportion is 2.5%.
【学位授予单位】：沈阳农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S216.4
本文编号：2166869
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the application of the feed breeding method, some heavy metal elements have been added to the feed, which leads to the heavy metal residue in the feces of livestock and poultry. Heavy metals in livestock and poultry manure are the main factors that restrict its resource utilization. The effective way for the resource utilization of livestock and poultry is the anaerobic fermentation of biogas. Pig manure is an anaerobic fermentation material, and the test factors are different kinds of passivating agents (fly ash, diatomite, activated carbon), different proportions (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%), different temperatures (25, 30, 35). Through orthogonal test, the BCR extraction method is used to analyze the form of heavy metals, and to explore the gas production of three different passivating agents for pig manure, methane content In order to provide scientific basis for the safe and rational utilization of biogas slurry by this test, the following main conclusions are obtained through the experimental study. (1) the experimental results show that, compared with the test of the blank group, the passivating agent with 5% activated carbon is added, and the temperature is 35. By the difference and variance analysis, the factors affecting the gas production are the species of passivating agent and the proportion of the passivating agent, the temperature has a significant influence on the gas production, the type of passivating agent and the proportion of passivating agent is not significant; the optimum scheme of gas production is that the temperature is 35, the passivating agent is the fly ash, and the passivating agent is added. The methane content of the experimental group was 2.5%, the methane content was about 40%, the methane content was more stable, the 5% active carbon passivating agent was added, the methane content was highest at the temperature of 30 C. The difference and variance analysis of the methane content reached 41.2%.. The results showed that the factors affecting methane content were the species of passivating agent, temperature and passivating agent. In addition, the type of passivating agent has a significant effect on methane content, and the effect of passivating agent addition ratio is not significant; the optimal scheme of methane content is the passivating agent is activated carbon, the temperature is 35, and the ratio of passivating agent is 2.5%. (2) before the fermentation test, pig manure and inoculants, 84.42% heavy metal Zn, 83.75% heavy metal Cr, 88.49 % of As was derived from pig manure. After the experiment, the content distribution of heavy metals Zn and Cr in the test group was increased, accounting for 86.49% to 89.91% and 87.33% to 91.72%, respectively, and the distribution rate of As content decreased. After the anaerobic fermentation of pig manure from 78.18% to 83.18%., the content of heavy metals in the biogas slurry was 10.09% to 13.51% and 8.28% to 12.67% in the experiment group. The content of As in the biogas slurry is between 16.82% and 21.82%. (3) the heavy metal Zn in pig manure before fermentation is mainly exchangeable (45.26%) and reducible state (21.89%), and the heavy metal Cr and As mainly exist in the residue state, and the proportion of the heavy metals is up to 66.15%. After the 62.61%. test, the proportion of heavy metals Zn residue in each test group is higher and the increase is greater. The distribution rate of the exchangeable state is still high, the oxidizing state and the reducible state are relatively low, and the proportion of the exchangeable state is relatively stable. The proportion of Cr, As still exists in the residue state, and the proportion of the exchangeable state is higher than that of the blank group. The exchangeable state, the oxidizable state and the reducible state distribution rate are lower, the proportion of the fermented state is lower than the blank space. (4) (4) the passivation effect of the effective state of heavy metals after the fermentation is the best to add 7.5% fly ash and the test group at the temperature of 35 C. The passivation effect of passivation effect reaches the effective state of 37.57%. heavy metal Cr, which is best to add 5% activated carbon, the temperature is 35 C, the passivation effect reaches 66.69%, and the effective passivation effect of the effective state is best added. The test group with 7.5% activated carbon and temperature of 25 C, the passivation effect is the difference and variance analysis of the effective passivation effect of heavy metal Zn in the 61.46%. test group. It shows that the main and secondary order of the factors is the kind of passivating agent, the temperature and the concentration of the passivating agent; the passivating agent and the temperature have a very significant influence on the effective passivation effect of the Zn, passivating agent The effect of addition ratio is not significant; the best passivating effect of Zn effective state is that passivating agent is fly ash, the temperature is 25, and the ratio of passivating agent is 2.5%. The passivation effect of different passivating agents on effective Cr is up to 40%. The type of passivating agent, temperature and the addition ratio of passivating agent, passivating agent has a significant effect on the effective passivation effect of Cr, and the effect of passivating agent addition ratio and temperature is not significant; the best passivating effect of Cr effective passivating agent is activated charcoal, the temperature is 25, and the ratio of passivating agent is 2.5%. The passivation effect of effective state As is above 40%. The difference and variance analysis of the effective passivation effect of As show that the main and secondary order of the factors affecting the effective state are the type of passivating agent, the addition ratio and temperature of the passivating agent; the passivating agent has a significant influence on the effective passivation effect of As, and the effect of addition ratio and temperature is not significant; As effective state The best scheme of passivation effect is passivation agent is activated carbon, the temperature is 25 degrees, and the passivating agent proportion is 2.5%.
【学位授予单位】：沈阳农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S216.4
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