重庆主城区野生草本植物组成与分布特点研究
发布时间：2018-08-23 10:04
【摘要】：本文以重庆主城区城市野生草本植物为研究对象,通过典型取样法,调查主城区陆生生境中野生草本群落的物种构成、群落特征、生长环境等,通过分析其科属构成、生活型构成、生物量分配、多样性指数、分布特征的等指标,了解重庆主城区野生草本植物组成与分布特点及其与生境的关系。并通过重要值排序筛选100种城市野生草本植物进行园林利用价值评价研究,为后续对重庆主城区野生草本植物的研究和开发利用以及乡土野生草本应用于生态园林提供理论基础。主要结论如下:(1)重庆主城区城市陆生生境下共出现野生草本235种,隶属于53科167属。从科属构成来看,重庆主城区野生草本大科大属较少,小科小属较多,从生活型构成来看,重庆主城区野生草本共涉多年生、夏季一年生、冬季一年生三种生活型,匍匐型、莲座型、分枝型、丛生型、藤蔓型、短时期莲座型、伪莲座型和直立型八种生长型。从外来种与乡土种构成来看,乡土植物比例达到85.96%,国外来源物占14.04%。从物种季节性构成来看春季优势物种56种,秋季优势物种72种,两季共优种107种。(2)以调查的1438个野生草本样方为对象,通过优势种进行群落类型划分,共划分出148个群丛,56个群系,6个群系组。对1438个野生草本样方整理为643个基本分类单元,通过聚类分析将所调查的野生草本共划分为101个群落类型。不同城市生境类型中野生草本群落数量依次为荒草地林缘林间隙建设闲废地园林道路边坡。从优势种生活型来看,建设闲废地、荒草地两种生境,一年生群落明显高于多年生群落,其余三种生境,多年生群落数量略高于一年生群落。从生长型来看,建设闲废地与荒草地两种生境矮生长型的优势种与高生长型的优势种比例相差不大,而其余三种生境中矮生长型比例明显高于高生长型。(3)从不同生境物种丰富度来看,各生境类型所出现野生草本物种数依次为荒草地(W)林缘林间隙(F)建设闲废地(C)道路边坡(S)园林(G);就不同生境样方平均物种数而言,不同生境间的样方平均物种数存在显著性差异,其中道路边坡样方平均物种数最低,荒草地样方平均物种数最高。不同生境类型间野生草本群落多样性指数均表现为:荒草地(W)园林(G)林缘及林间隙(F)建设闲废地(C)道路边坡(S)。在不同生境梯度下,野生草本群落多样性指数特征表现为:(1)野生草本群落多样性指数均随坡度的增加而减少;(2)野生草本群落多样性系数随光照的减弱而减少;(3)土壤越干旱贫瘠,野生草本多样性系数越低;(4)野生草本群落多样性系数在适度人为干扰条件下最高。(4)全年所有出现物种,随着所分布的生境类型数增加物种数递减。从不同生境间物种相似度来看,重庆主城区不同生境间野生草本物种相似度不高,除建设闲废地与荒草地之间外,其余各生境间相似性系数均小于0.5。(5)通过调查发现全年合计重要值0.05的优势种有凬草(Humulus scandens)、蒲儿根(Sinosenecio oldhamianus B.Nord.)、黄鹌菜(Youngia japonica DC.)、异叶黄鹌菜(Youngia heterophylla)、红花酢浆草(Oxalis corymbosa DC.)等26种。在不同生境梯度下,优势种构成表现为:(1)坡度梯度下:0°-15°以扬子毛茛(Ranunculus sieboldii Miq.)、马兰(Kalimeris indica Sch.-Bip.)、红花酢浆草最为优势;16°-60°以蒲儿根、凬草、异叶黄鹌菜表现最为优势;60°以凬草、蒲儿根、野菊(Dendranthema indicum Des Moul.)最为优势。(2)光照梯度下:全光照条件下以异叶黄鹌菜、狗尾草(Setaria viridis Beauv.)、马兰表现最为优势;稍荫环境以黄鹌菜、野菊花、红花酢浆草为主要优势种;半荫环境以凬草、蒲儿根、野菊花为主要优势种,全荫环境以接骨草(Sambucus chinensis Lindl.)、凬草、扁竹根(Iris japonica Thunb.)为主要优势种。(3)土壤及水分条件梯度下:壤土环境以扬子毛茛、马兰表现最为优势,沙壤土以蒲儿根、狗尾草表现最为优势;石骨子土以小白酒草(Conyza canadensis Cronq.)表现最为优势,砾石土以蜈蚣草(Pteris vittata L.)表现最为优势,岩石表层及缝隙以凬草表现最为优势。(6)对测量生物量的7种广布种发现生物量及分配规律如下:(1)7种野生草本均在荒草地的总生物量最大,且营养分配比例最高。(2)6种野生草本地下/地上的比值均在建设闲废地达到最高,黄鹌菜地下/地上的比值在建道路边坡达到最高。(3)4种野生草本繁殖分配比例在群聚度较低、资源量较少的生境中较高。(7)利用层次分析法构建城市野生草本园林利用价值评价模型,对选定的100种重庆主城区野生草本进行评价分析,按综合得分高低分为四个利用等级。第I等级为可以广泛开发利用的草本,如蒲儿根、黄鹌菜、扁竹根等既具有观赏价值又有一定生态价值的草本植物;第II等级为可以适度开发利用的野生草本,如鹅观草(Roegneria kamoji Ohwi)、皱叶狗尾草(Setaria plicata T.Cooke)、聚花过路黄(Lysimachia congestiflora Hemsl.)等只存在少数弱项的草本;第III等级为可以选择性开发利用的野生草本,如白花紫露草(Tradescantia fluminensis)等有一定观赏价值但对生境要求较高的草本;第IV等级为可暂不开发的野生草本。
[Abstract]:Taking the urban wild herbaceous plants in the main urban area of Chongqing as the research object, this paper investigated the species composition, community characteristics and growth environment of the wild herbaceous communities in the terrestrial habitats of the main urban area of Chongqing by means of typical sampling method. By analyzing the family and genera composition, life form composition, biomass distribution, diversity index and distribution characteristics of the wild herbaceous communities in the main urban area of Chongqing, the main urban area of Chongqing was understood. The composition and distribution characteristics of wild herbs and their relationship with habitats in Chongqing were studied. 100 species of urban wild herbs were selected according to the ordination of important values to evaluate their landscape utilization value. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) There are 235 species of wild herbs in the urban terrestrial habitats of Chongqing, belonging to 53 families and 167 genera. Eight growth types are life type, creeping type, lotus type, branching type, clump type, vine type, short-term lotus type, pseudo-lotus type and erect type. According to the composition of exotic species and native species, the proportion of native plants is 85.96%, and that of foreign sources is 14.04%. From the seasonal composition of species, 56 dominant species in spring and 72 dominant species in autumn are found. (2) 148 groups, 56 groups and 6 groups were classified according to the dominant species. The 1438 wild herbage samples were classified into 643 basic taxa and 101 community types by cluster analysis. The number of wild herbaceous communities in urban habitats was in turn that in the gap between grassland and forest edge to construct garden road slopes in idle land.From the view of dominant species life forms,the annual community was obviously higher than that of perennial community in the two habitats of waste land and grassland,and the number of perennial community in the other three habitats was slightly higher than that of annual community. The proportion of the dominant species of dwarf growth type and the dominant species of high growth type in the two habitats of waste land and grassland was similar, but the proportion of dwarf growth type in the other three habitats was significantly higher than that of high growth type. (3) From the view of species richness in different habitats, the number of wild herbaceous species in each habitat type was in the order of wilderness grassland (W) forest edge forest. Gap (F) construction of waste land (C) road slope (S) garden (G); in terms of the average number of species in different habitats, the average number of species in different habitats, the average number of species in road slope is the lowest, the average number of species in waste grassland is the highest. The results showed that: (1) Diversity index of wild herbaceous community decreased with the increase of slope degree; (2) Diversity index of wild herbaceous community decreased with the decrease of illumination; (3) Diversity index of soil herbaceous community decreased with the decrease of illumination. The higher the aridity and barrenness, the lower the diversity coefficient of wild herbage. (4) The diversity coefficient of wild herbage community was the highest under moderate human disturbance. (4) All species appeared throughout the year, and the number of species decreased with the increase of the number of habitat types. The similarity coefficients of the other habitats were less than 0.5. (5) The dominant species with the total important value of 0.05 were Humulus scandens, Sinosenecio oldhamianus B. Nord., Youngia japonica DC., Youngia heterophylla, Youngophylla. 26 species of Oxalis corymbosa DC. (Oxalis corymbosa DC.) and others. Under different habitat gradients, the dominant species composition is as follows: (1) Ranunculus sieboldii Miq., Kalimeris indica Sch. - Bip. (Ranunculus sieboldii Miq.), Kalimeris indica Sch. - Bip. (Oxalis corymbosa DC.) and other 26 species of Oxalis corymbosa DC. (Ranunculus sieboldii Miq.), Kalimeris indica Sch - Bip. (Kalimeris indica Sch), Oxalis corymbosa C. (Oxa (2) Under the light gradient: under full-light conditions, the heterophyll yellow partridge, Setaria viridis Beauv., Malan was the most dominant; under shade environment, the main dominant species were yellow partridge, wild chrysanthemum, red flower oxalis; under half-shade environment, the main species were milkweed, pueraria, wild chrysanthemum, wild chrysanthemum. The dominant species were Sambucus chinensis Lindl. (Sambucus chinensis Lindl.), Agaricus japonica Thunb. (3) Under the gradient of soil and water conditions, Ranuncula chinensis was the dominant species in loam environment, Malan was the dominant species, Pueraria and Canadensis was the dominant species in sandy loam soil, Conyza ad was the dominant species in stone loam. Ensis Cronq.) was the most dominant in the gravel soil, and Pteris vittata L. was the most dominant in the gravel soil. Agaricus was the most dominant in the rock surface and crevices. (6) The biomass and distribution patterns of the seven widely distributed species were as follows: (1) The total biomass of the seven wild herbs were the largest in the barren grassland, and the proportion of nutrient distribution was the highest. (3) The proportions of reproduction and distribution of the four wild herbs were higher in the habitats with lower population density and less resources. (7) The evaluation of the utilization value of urban wild herb garden was constructed by using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The 100 selected wild herbs in the main urban area of Chongqing were evaluated and analyzed, and were divided into four utilization grades according to their comprehensive scores. The wild herbs, such as Roegneria kamoji Ohwi, Setaria plicata T. Cooke, Lysimachia congestiflora Hemsl., which have only a few weaknesses, and the wild herbs, such as Tradescantia fluminensis, which can be selectively exploited and utilized, have certain ornamental value. A herbaceous plant with a higher value but higher requirement for habitat; grade IV is a wild herb that can not be developed temporarily.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S688
本文编号：2198715
[Abstract]:Taking the urban wild herbaceous plants in the main urban area of Chongqing as the research object, this paper investigated the species composition, community characteristics and growth environment of the wild herbaceous communities in the terrestrial habitats of the main urban area of Chongqing by means of typical sampling method. By analyzing the family and genera composition, life form composition, biomass distribution, diversity index and distribution characteristics of the wild herbaceous communities in the main urban area of Chongqing, the main urban area of Chongqing was understood. The composition and distribution characteristics of wild herbs and their relationship with habitats in Chongqing were studied. 100 species of urban wild herbs were selected according to the ordination of important values to evaluate their landscape utilization value. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) There are 235 species of wild herbs in the urban terrestrial habitats of Chongqing, belonging to 53 families and 167 genera. Eight growth types are life type, creeping type, lotus type, branching type, clump type, vine type, short-term lotus type, pseudo-lotus type and erect type. According to the composition of exotic species and native species, the proportion of native plants is 85.96%, and that of foreign sources is 14.04%. From the seasonal composition of species, 56 dominant species in spring and 72 dominant species in autumn are found. (2) 148 groups, 56 groups and 6 groups were classified according to the dominant species. The 1438 wild herbage samples were classified into 643 basic taxa and 101 community types by cluster analysis. The number of wild herbaceous communities in urban habitats was in turn that in the gap between grassland and forest edge to construct garden road slopes in idle land.From the view of dominant species life forms,the annual community was obviously higher than that of perennial community in the two habitats of waste land and grassland,and the number of perennial community in the other three habitats was slightly higher than that of annual community. The proportion of the dominant species of dwarf growth type and the dominant species of high growth type in the two habitats of waste land and grassland was similar, but the proportion of dwarf growth type in the other three habitats was significantly higher than that of high growth type. (3) From the view of species richness in different habitats, the number of wild herbaceous species in each habitat type was in the order of wilderness grassland (W) forest edge forest. Gap (F) construction of waste land (C) road slope (S) garden (G); in terms of the average number of species in different habitats, the average number of species in different habitats, the average number of species in road slope is the lowest, the average number of species in waste grassland is the highest. The results showed that: (1) Diversity index of wild herbaceous community decreased with the increase of slope degree; (2) Diversity index of wild herbaceous community decreased with the decrease of illumination; (3) Diversity index of soil herbaceous community decreased with the decrease of illumination. The higher the aridity and barrenness, the lower the diversity coefficient of wild herbage. (4) The diversity coefficient of wild herbage community was the highest under moderate human disturbance. (4) All species appeared throughout the year, and the number of species decreased with the increase of the number of habitat types. The similarity coefficients of the other habitats were less than 0.5. (5) The dominant species with the total important value of 0.05 were Humulus scandens, Sinosenecio oldhamianus B. Nord., Youngia japonica DC., Youngia heterophylla, Youngophylla. 26 species of Oxalis corymbosa DC. (Oxalis corymbosa DC.) and others. Under different habitat gradients, the dominant species composition is as follows: (1) Ranunculus sieboldii Miq., Kalimeris indica Sch. - Bip. (Ranunculus sieboldii Miq.), Kalimeris indica Sch. - Bip. (Oxalis corymbosa DC.) and other 26 species of Oxalis corymbosa DC. (Ranunculus sieboldii Miq.), Kalimeris indica Sch - Bip. (Kalimeris indica Sch), Oxalis corymbosa C. (Oxa (2) Under the light gradient: under full-light conditions, the heterophyll yellow partridge, Setaria viridis Beauv., Malan was the most dominant; under shade environment, the main dominant species were yellow partridge, wild chrysanthemum, red flower oxalis; under half-shade environment, the main species were milkweed, pueraria, wild chrysanthemum, wild chrysanthemum. The dominant species were Sambucus chinensis Lindl. (Sambucus chinensis Lindl.), Agaricus japonica Thunb. (3) Under the gradient of soil and water conditions, Ranuncula chinensis was the dominant species in loam environment, Malan was the dominant species, Pueraria and Canadensis was the dominant species in sandy loam soil, Conyza ad was the dominant species in stone loam. Ensis Cronq.) was the most dominant in the gravel soil, and Pteris vittata L. was the most dominant in the gravel soil. Agaricus was the most dominant in the rock surface and crevices. (6) The biomass and distribution patterns of the seven widely distributed species were as follows: (1) The total biomass of the seven wild herbs were the largest in the barren grassland, and the proportion of nutrient distribution was the highest. (3) The proportions of reproduction and distribution of the four wild herbs were higher in the habitats with lower population density and less resources. (7) The evaluation of the utilization value of urban wild herb garden was constructed by using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The 100 selected wild herbs in the main urban area of Chongqing were evaluated and analyzed, and were divided into four utilization grades according to their comprehensive scores. The wild herbs, such as Roegneria kamoji Ohwi, Setaria plicata T. Cooke, Lysimachia congestiflora Hemsl., which have only a few weaknesses, and the wild herbs, such as Tradescantia fluminensis, which can be selectively exploited and utilized, have certain ornamental value. A herbaceous plant with a higher value but higher requirement for habitat; grade IV is a wild herb that can not be developed temporarily.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S688
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