不同种植模式对黑土理化性质及玉米生长发育的影响

发布时间：2018-09-01 06:24

【摘要】：黑土区已经成为国家重要的商品粮生产基地。但是,多年由于人们重用轻养、掠夺式经营,加之不合理的耕作、施肥制度造成黑土农田出现严重的退化现象,从而导致土壤系统生产力降低。针对黑土肥力退化机理,本研究采用田间试验和室内分析相结合的研究方法,重点研究了不同种植模式下土壤肥力的变异规律,及其对玉米生长发育的影响,并据此提出了适合黑土区玉米可持续耕作模式。取得的研究成果概要如下:1.研究表明,二比空结合秸秆覆盖种植模式能有效减少地表蒸发和地表径流带来的水分损失,保证0-20cm土层土壤含水量,为玉米生长发育提供了充足的水分;在水分改善的同时,有效地减轻了风蚀作用,有利于土壤耕层结构的改善,二比空结合秸秆覆盖可以调节土壤三相比接近理想状态(即2:1:1)。2.二比空结合秸秆覆盖种植模式,能够有效提升0-20cm土层土壤氮磷钾含量和有机质含量,而且对20-30cm土层土壤养分的提升也有效果,这不仅能够满足当季作物生长发育所需,还能起到土壤培肥的效果。3.不同种植模式下玉米株高、茎粗、净光合速率和产量由高到低的顺序均为:二比空秸秆全还田二比空根茬还田大垄双行均匀垄。说明二比空结合秸秆覆盖种植能够有效促进玉米的生长发育。4.4种种植模式连续种植两年,均匀垄和大垄双行种植模式使得0-20cm土层土壤含水量、氮磷钾含量和有机质含量呈现逐年下降趋势,土壤容重上升,进而影响玉米生长发育,造成玉米减产。而二比空根茬还田和二比空秸秆全还田种植模式使得0-20cm土层土壤容含水量、氮磷钾含量和有机质含量呈现上升趋势,土壤容重下降,进而促进玉米生长发育,使玉米增产,起到了改良土壤的功效。整体的优良性表现二比空秸秆全还田二比空根茬还田大垄双行均匀垄。
[Abstract]:Black soil area has become an important commodity grain production base. However, for many years, due to people reusing light farming, predatory management, and unreasonable farming, fertilization system caused a serious degradation of black soil farmland, which led to the decline of soil system productivity. In view of the degradation mechanism of black soil fertility, the variation law of soil fertility under different planting patterns and its effect on maize growth and development were studied by field experiment and indoor analysis. Based on this, the sustainable cultivation model of maize in black soil area was put forward. The results of the research are summarized below: 1. The results show that the two-ratio air and straw mulching can effectively reduce the water loss caused by surface evaporation and surface runoff, ensure the soil moisture content of 0-20cm soil, and provide sufficient water for maize growth and development. The effect of wind erosion was reduced effectively, and the structure of soil tillage layer was improved. The combination of two ratio and air and straw mulch could adjust the close to ideal state (2:1:1). Combined with straw mulching and planting mode, 0-20cm soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content and organic matter content can be effectively increased, but also to enhance soil nutrients in 20-30cm soil layer, which can not only meet the needs of crop growth and development in the current season. Can also play the effect of soil fertility. 3. The order of plant height, stem diameter, net photosynthetic rate and yield from high to low under different planting modes was as follows: the whole field with two ratio empty straw was returned to the whole field, and the row ridge of big ridge was equal to that of stubble. The results showed that two-space planting combined with straw mulching could effectively promote the growth and development of maize. 4. 4 cropping patterns could be planted continuously for two years, and the double row planting pattern of uniform ridge and big ridge could make soil moisture content in 0-20cm soil layer. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic matter decreased year by year, and the bulk density of soil increased, which affected the growth and development of maize and resulted in the decrease of yield of maize. However, the soil water content, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content and organic matter content in soil layer of 0-20cm increased, and the bulk density of soil decreased, which promoted the growth and development of maize and increased the yield of maize. It has the effect of improving the soil. The overall fine performance showed that the two ratio empty straw was completely returned to the field and the second was to return the big ridge to the big ridge with uniform row ridge.
【学位授予单位】：吉林农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S513

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