菜心杂种优势的研究与利用

发布时间：2018-09-13 08:55

【摘要】：菜心(Brassica campestris L.ssp.chinensis var.utilis Tsen et Lee,2n=20=AA)别名菜花,又称菜薹,一、二年生十字花科芸薹属蔬菜,富含氨基酸和Ca、Fe等矿质元素,营养丰富,味道鲜美,对人体有一定的保健作用,是我国南方地区的重要蔬菜。目前对菜心的主要研究目标是产量和抗性,对营养品质特别是矿质元素含量的研究较少。本研究以6个菜心eru细胞质雄性不育系和6个菜心自交系为材料,配制了21个菜心杂交组合,分别测定了亲本及组合的株高、株幅、主薹重等农艺性状,维生素C含量等营养品质性状以及Ca、Mg、Na、Fe、Mn、Zn的矿质元素含量。对菜心的农艺性状、品质性状和主要矿质元素含量进行了杂种优势和相关性分析,并研究了矿质元素含量的一般配合力大小,筛选出了4个综合性状优良的菜心杂交组合。此外,本研究还测定了6份熟性不同的菜心杂交组合在不同时期的主要矿质元素含量,初步探讨了不同熟性的菜心在生长过程中矿质元素的含量及分配规律,并对茎和根、叶中的主要矿质元素含量进行了相关性分析,为菜心栽培中的水肥管理提出建议。主要研究结果如下:1.菜心亲本及杂交组合主要矿质元素含量的测定和一般配合力分析。菜心Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn的含量比较高,最高值(DW)分别达到25.599mg/g、7.525mg/g、0.264mg/g、0.190mg/g;菜心的Ca、Mg含量(亲本均值)比小白菜和花椰菜高,Zn含量比小白菜、油菜和花椰菜高,而Fe含量比花椰菜高,具有较高营养价值。母本材料中Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn含量最高的是CX-b,Na含量最高的是CX-a,Mn含量最高的是CX-e,分别是最低值的2.415倍~3.111倍;父本材料中Ca、Zn含量最高的是15-2,Mg含量最高的是15-1,Na含量最高的是15-3,Mn含量最高的是15-4,是最低值的1.386倍~3.000倍,不同亲本的矿质元素含量受基因型影响存在较显著的差异,可从试验材料中选择理想亲本。根据一般配合力的分析结果,CX-b、CX-c、CX-f、15-1、15-4、15-5对杂种后代Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn含量的提高有较好的改良效果,15-5对降低杂种后代中Na、Mn含量有较好的效果。2.21个菜心杂交组合农艺性状、品质性状和矿质元素含量的杂种优势研究。农艺性状的杂种优势明显,株高、株幅、叶长、主薹粗和主薹重的中亲优势正向组合数比例均超过了80%;维生素C含量等营养品质性状的杂种优势相对不明显,维生素C含量、纤维素含量的中亲优势正向组合数比例少于30%;矿质元素含量的杂种优势明显,Ca、Mg、Mn含量的中亲优势正向组合数达到60%,但受环境影响表现较复杂。杂交对农艺性状、纤维素含量和矿质元素含量的改良有较好的效果。3.菜心优良杂交组合的筛选。运用灰色综合评判法,结合杂交组合的杂种优势表现,筛选了4个熟期不同、综合性状较为优良的菜心杂交组合,其中CX-c×15-4、CX-e×15-3的可溶性蛋白含量分别高达3.642%、3.767%,CX-e×15-3的Ca含量高达17.288mg/g,CX-f×15-6高产,且维生素C含量高达103.668mg/100g,而CX-d×15-3早熟,在食用品质上综合性较好。4.菜心的农艺性状、品质性状和主要矿质元素含量的相关性分析。Fe、Mg、Zn和产量、植株大小显著或极显著正相关,相应的矿质元素肥料可能对菜心增产有较大作用,但对品质改良的作用不大。另外,通过株幅、叶长等可视因素可对植株的矿质元素含量高低进行初步判断。矿质元素间的相关性分析结果表明,在选择有益元素含量较高的材料时,先选择高Zn的材料,就可获得Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn均高而Na比较低的理想材料。5.菜心不同部位的矿质元素含量的比较和相关性分析。相比薹部,薹叶含较多的Ca、Mg、Fe以及可溶性蛋白,分别是薹的2.109倍、1.125倍、1.768倍、3.343倍,而纤维素含量较低,平均是薹的86.510%,故具有更高的营养价值。根据茎和根、叶的相关性分析结果,根肥和叶面肥的施用对提高菜心产品器官中Ca、Mg、Fe含量可能有较大帮助,而在提高Zn含量方面,叶面肥可能比根肥的效果更好。6.菜心生长过程中矿质元素含量变化趋势的研究。定植和缓苗会造成菜心植株内矿质元素含量的阶段性下降,可能影响收获期的矿质元素含量。同一元素在不同熟期的材料中变化趋势基本一致,说明熟期对菜心矿质元素的吸收变化影响不大,但晚熟的菜心在采收期时其产品器官中的Na、Mg含量相对较高,是中熟材料的1.325倍、1.131倍,分别是早熟材料的1.214倍,说明较长的生长期有利于部分元素在植株体内的积累。另外,根据采收期前后菜心矿质元素含量的变化情况,适当提前采收的菜心Ca、Zn含量较高,而Mg、Fe则在正常采收期含量较高。
[Abstract]:Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. utilis Tsen et Lee, 2n = 20 = AA) alias cauliflower, also known as cabbage bolt, one or two-year-old cruciferous Brassica vegetables, rich in amino acids, Ca, Fe and other mineral elements, nutritious, delicious, has a certain health care effect on the human body, is an important vegetable in southern China. In this study, 21 hybrid combinations of cabbage were prepared with 6 ERU cytoplasmic male sterile lines and 6 inbred lines. The plant height, plant width, main bolt weight and vitamin C content of parents and combinations were measured. The Heterosis and correlation of Agronomic traits, quality traits and contents of main mineral elements in cabbage were analyzed, and the general combining ability of mineral elements was studied. Four hybrid combinations with excellent comprehensive characters were selected. The contents of main mineral elements in six different maturity hybrid combinations of cabbage at different stages were determined. The content and distribution of mineral elements in different maturity cabbage during growth were preliminarily discussed. The correlation analysis of main mineral elements in stems, roots and leaves was carried out. Suggestions for water and fertilizer management in Cabbage Cultivation were put forward. The main results are as follows: 1. Determination of main mineral elements and analysis of general combining ability in parents and hybrid combinations of cabbage. Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn contents in cabbage are relatively high, the highest values (DW) are 25.599 mg/g, 7.525 mg/g, 0.264 mg/g, 0.190 mg/g, respectively; Ca and Mg contents in cabbage are higher than those in Cabbage and cauliflower, and Zn contents are higher than those in cabbage. The contents of Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn in the female parent materials were the highest, CX-b, CX-a, CX-e and CX-e were the highest, and CX-e were the highest, which were 2.415 to 3.111 times the lowest, respectively. The contents of Ca and Zn in the male parent materials were the highest, 15-2 in Mg and 15-1 in Na. The highest content of Mn was 15-4, which was 1.386-3.000 times of the lowest value. There were significant differences in the content of mineral elements among different parents. Ideal parents could be selected from the test materials. According to the analysis of GCA, CX-b, CX-c, CX-f, 15-1, 15-4, 15-5 had better effects on the increase of Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn contents in the hybrid offspring. The results showed that 15-5 had a better effect on reducing Na and Mn contents in hybrid progeny. 2.21 hybrid combinations of cabbage were studied on Heterosis of Agronomic traits, quality traits and mineral elements content. The Heterosis of nutritional quality traits such as vitamin C content was relatively insignificant, vitamin C content and cellulose content were less than 30%; mineral element content had obvious heterosis, while Ca, Mg, Mn content had 60% positive heterosis, but the environmental impact was complicated. The improvement of element content and mineral element content had better effect. 3. Selection of excellent hybrid combinations of cabbage. By using grey comprehensive evaluation method and combining with heterosis performance of hybrid combinations, four hybrid combinations with different maturity stages and better comprehensive characteristics were screened. The soluble protein content of CX-c x 15-4 and CX-e x 15-3 were as high as 3. 642%, 3.767%, CX-e *15-3 Ca content as high as 17.288 mg/g, CX-f *15-6 high yield, and vitamin C content as high as 103.668 mg/100g, and CX-d *15-3 early maturity, in the edible quality of a better comprehensive. Guan, the corresponding mineral element fertilizer may have a greater effect on the yield of cabbage, but it has little effect on the quality improvement. In addition, visible factors such as plant width and leaf length can be used to preliminarily judge the content of mineral elements in the plant. Comparing the contents of mineral elements in different parts of cabbage, the bolt leaves contain more Ca, Mg, Fe and soluble protein, which are 2.109 times, 1.125 times, 1.768 times, 3.3 times higher than that of the bolt leaves, respectively, while the cellulose content is lower, which is 8.3 times higher than that of the bolt leaves. According to the correlation analysis of stem, root and leaf, the application of root fertilizer and leaf fertilizer may be helpful to increase the content of Ca, Mg and Fe in the organs of cabbage products, but the effect of leaf fertilizer on Zn content may be better than that of root fertilizer. The results showed that the mineral elements content in cabbage plants decreased at different stages after planting and slowing down seedlings, which may affect the mineral elements content in the harvest period. The content of Na and Mg in B. napus was 1.325 and 1.131 times higher than that in B. napus, respectively, 1.214 times higher than that in B. napus, indicating that the longer growth period was beneficial to the accumulation of some elements in plants. The harvest time is higher.
【学位授予单位】：华中农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S634.5

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