不同模式波涌灌溉及其对冬小麦耗水特性的影响

发布时间：2018-10-16 13:36

【摘要】：水资源存在较大缺口、短期内不可补给性及农业对水资源的依赖性,决定农业节水的必要性。立足地面灌溉,在不改变本当前灌水条件的前提下,对波涌灌溉、间隔交替波涌灌溉、间隔固定波涌灌溉3种波涌模式灌溉质量及对小麦生长耗水特性的影响进行研究具有重要意义。试验于2015年9月至2016年6月在山东农业大学马庄试验田进行,以连续灌溉为对照,针对预设的3种波涌模式以连续灌溉为对照,每种灌溉处理设置三组重复。试验采用济麦22,在畦长120 m,畦宽1.5 m的畦田中进行灌溉试验。试验主要对灌溉参数、土壤含水量、小麦各生育期生长性状等内容进行统计分析,以连续灌溉为对照,考察3种不同模式的波涌灌溉灌溉质量、生长性状及耗水特性。主要试验结论如下:1.与连续灌溉相比,普通波涌灌溉,间隔交替波涌灌溉二水灌溉组及三水灌溉组、间隔固定波涌灌溉灌溉组及不灌组,节水分别为17.5%、32.6%,32.6%;灌水均匀度提升10%以上,且有利于灌后2d存储于考察土层内灌溉水占该畦获得总灌溉水的比例提高20%以上。2.灌后30 d,0~100 cm土层中,2~5 d内土层水分高于灌前水平,连续灌溉处理消耗水量高于1.2倍各种模式的波涌灌溉处理;5~15 d连续灌溉处理消耗水量低于0.75倍各种模式的波涌灌溉处理;15~30 d连续灌溉处理耗水量低于0.9倍各模式波涌灌溉;表明各种模式的波涌灌溉能够更好的为小麦提供生长所需的水量。3.灌溉对田间各土层含水量均匀度有所改善,但改善效果随灌溉方式的不同有所差别。4.株高、叶面积、分蘖数、有效穗数、穗粒数受灌溉影响较大,波涌灌溉在各个生育期表现出较大优势,间隔交替波涌灌溉和间隔固定波供水涌灌溉次之。与连续灌溉相比,波涌灌溉增产30%,间隔交替波涌灌溉增产26%,间隔固定波涌灌溉增产17.5%。5.小麦播种期到返青期生长较为缓慢,起身期到抽穗开花期耗水最多,抽穗开花到成熟期次之。波涌灌溉、间隔交替波涌灌溉二水灌溉组及三水灌溉组、间隔固定波涌灌溉灌溉组及不灌组灌溉水分生产率是连续灌溉的1.6倍、1.9倍、1.8倍、1.8倍、1.7倍。各模式波涌灌溉水分利用效率是连续灌溉的1.5倍。3种模式的波涌灌溉具有良好的节水的效果,能够有效提高灌溉质量,改善灌溉均匀度和含水量均匀度,使灌溉水能够尽量分布在较浅土层,长时间的为小麦提供水分,各模式的波涌灌溉增产效果显著,有效提高单位灌溉水和单位水生产干物质量,有效提高灌溉水分生产率和水分利用效率。
[Abstract]:The shortage of water resources and the dependence of agriculture on water resources in the short term determine the necessity of water saving in agriculture. Based on surface irrigation and without changing the current irrigation conditions, surge irrigation, alternate surge irrigation at intervals, It is of great significance to study the irrigation quality of three surge modes and its effect on the characteristics of wheat growth and water consumption. The experiment was carried out in Mazhuang Experimental Field of Shandong Agricultural University from September 2015 to June 2016. Continuous irrigation was used as the control, and continuous irrigation was used as the control for the three preset surge modes. Each irrigation treatment was repeated in three groups. The irrigation experiment was carried out in a border field with a length of 120 m and a width of 1.5 m. The parameters of irrigation, soil moisture content and growth characteristics of wheat at different growth stages were analyzed statistically. The quality, growth and water consumption characteristics of three different modes of surge irrigation were investigated by using continuous irrigation as control. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. Compared with continuous irrigation, the water saving of ordinary surge irrigation, interval alternate surge irrigation, two-water irrigation group and three-water irrigation group, interval fixed surge irrigation group and non-irrigation group, the water-saving rate was 17.50.32. 6% and the irrigation uniformity increased by more than 10%. Moreover, the proportion of irrigation water stored in the soil layer for 2 days after irrigation was increased by more than 20%. In the soil layer of 0 ~ 0 ~ 100 cm after 30 days of irrigation, the water content in the soil layer within 2 ~ 5 days was higher than that before irrigation. The water consumption of continuous irrigation treatment was more than 1.2 times that of surge irrigation treatment of various patterns, the water consumption of continuous irrigation treatment for 515 days was less than 0.75 times of that of various modes, and the water consumption of continuous irrigation treatment for 1530 days was less than 0.9 times of that of each mode. The results show that the surge irrigation of various models can provide better water supply for wheat growth. 3. The uniformity of soil water content was improved by irrigation, but the improvement effect was different with different irrigation methods. 4. Plant height, leaf area, tiller number, effective panicle number and grain number per panicle were greatly affected by irrigation. Surge irrigation had a great advantage in each growth period, followed by alternate intermittent surge irrigation and fixed interval water supply surge irrigation. Compared with continuous irrigation, surge irrigation increased 30%, alternate interval surge irrigation increased 26%, interval fixed surge irrigation increased 17.5.5. Wheat growing slowly from sowing stage to turning green stage, the water consumption from rising stage to heading flowering stage was the most, followed by heading flowering stage to mature stage. The water productivity was 1.6 times, 1.9 times, 1.8 times, 1.7 times as much as that of continuous irrigation in the two water irrigation group and the three water irrigation group, and the interval fixed surge irrigation group and the non-irrigation group were 1.6 times, 1.9 times, 1.8 times and 1.7 times of the continuous irrigation. The water use efficiency of surge irrigation was 1.5 times higher than that of continuous irrigation. The three modes of surge irrigation had good water-saving effect and could effectively improve the irrigation quality and the uniformity of irrigation and water content. The irrigation water can be distributed in the shallow soil layer as far as possible, providing water for wheat for a long time. The effect of surge irrigation in each mode is remarkable, and the dry matter quality of irrigation water per unit and per unit water is improved effectively. Effectively improve irrigation water productivity and water use efficiency.
【学位授予单位】：山东农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S275;S512.11

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