水稻育秧基质制备工艺的研究

发布时间：2018-10-15 21:19

【摘要】：水稻育苗过程中需要大量的育秧土,每年育苗环节都会对良田造成严重的破坏,随着土资源的日益短缺,无土育秧基质的创新与优化已经成为水稻机械化栽培技术研究方向的热点,育秧基质在秧苗生长过程中具有提供营养及调节生长环境作用,因此制备适合培育水稻秧苗的育秧基质是水稻栽培过程中的重要环节。本研究以秸秆有机肥、蚯蚓粪、酒糟和蛭石为原料制备满足理化特性和育秧要求的育秧基质,最终达到优化育秧基质制备工艺,进而为水稻育秧基质配制装备研究提供工艺参考的目的。首先,在分析无土育秧国内外发展现状的基础上,提出目前育秧基质存在的问题,确定研究的内容和技术路线,明确育秧基质优化的方法和优化后应满足的理化性质要求,并将水稻秸秆与牛粪按四种比例混合进行发酵试验,制备出秸秆有机肥。其次,以四种不同配比的秸秆有机肥和蚯蚓粪作为育秧基质的主要原料,酒糟和蛭石为辅料,按照配方试验-单纯形重心法确定的试验方案进行育秧试验,采用隶属函数值法评价秧苗素质,以秧苗综合素质为目标函数,育秧基质原料配比为影响因素,建立四组各原料含量与秧苗综合素质的理论数学模型。再次,在软件MATLAB中对建立的四组回归方程进行单因素及交互作用分析,并且利用规划求解方法对目标函数进行优化,得出分别针对四种秸秆有机肥的最优配比参数组合。最后进行验证试验,通过对四组育秧基质的理化性质和所培育秧苗综合素质进行分析,明确水稻育秧基质的最佳制备工艺。试验结果表明,水稻育秧基质最佳制备工艺为:秸秆与牛粪按体积比3:2发酵的秸秆有机肥D(41%)、酒糟(20%)、蚯蚓粪(19%)、蛭石(20%)。最佳配比育秧基质所培育秧苗综合素质满足水稻秧苗育秧要求,与常规育秧土育秧效果相比,株高增高2.19cm、茎粗增加1.63mm/10株、根长增长5.44cm、根数增多1.2根、根干重增加1.82g/百株、苗干重增加0.74g/百株。此研究验证了水稻秸秆育秧基质代替常规育秧土的可行性,有效解决了水稻生产过程中取土难、农业废弃物对环境污染破坏严重的问题,提高了育秧质量、实现了资源的循环再利用,为进一步研制配套装备提供了理论支持。
[Abstract]:In the process of rice seedling raising, a great deal of soil is needed for raising seedlings, and every year, the seedling cultivation will cause serious damage to the good field. With the increasing shortage of soil resources, The innovation and optimization of soilless seedling substrate has become a hot spot in the research of rice mechanized cultivation technology. The substrate has the function of providing nutrition and regulating the growth environment in the process of seedling growth. Therefore, it is an important link in the process of rice cultivation to prepare the seedling substrate suitable for rice seedling cultivation. In this study, straw organic fertilizer, earthworm manure, distiller's grains and vermiculite were used as raw materials to prepare the substrate to meet the requirements of physical and chemical properties and seedling raising. The purpose of this paper is to provide technical reference for the preparation equipment of rice seedling substrate. First of all, on the basis of analyzing the present development situation of soilless seedling raising at home and abroad, this paper puts forward the existing problems of seedling raising substrate at present, determines the research content and technical route, and clarifies the methods of seedling raising substrate optimization and the physical and chemical properties requirements that should be satisfied after the optimization. The rice straw and cow dung were mixed in four proportions to produce straw organic fertilizer. Secondly, four kinds of straw organic fertilizer and earthworm manure were used as the main raw materials for raising seedlings, and distiller's grains and vermiculite were used as auxiliary materials, and the seedling raising test was carried out according to the formula test and the test scheme determined by simplex gravity method. The quality of seedling was evaluated by the method of membership function. Taking the comprehensive quality of seedling as the objective function and the proportion of raw material for raising seedling as the influence factor, the theoretical mathematical model of the content of four groups of raw materials and the comprehensive quality of seedling was established. Thirdly, the four regression equations were analyzed by single factor and interaction in the software MATLAB, and the objective function was optimized by programming solution method, and the optimal proportion parameters of four kinds of straw organic fertilizer were obtained. Finally, through the analysis of the physical and chemical properties of the four groups of seedling substrates and the comprehensive qualities of the seedlings cultivated, the optimum preparation technology of the rice seedling substrate was determined. The results showed that the optimum preparation technology of rice seedling substrate was as follows: straw organic fertilizer D (41%), distiller's grains (20%), earthworm manure (19%) and vermiculite (20%) fermented at 3:2 by volume ratio of straw and cow dung. The comprehensive quality of the seedling raised by the optimum proportion of seedling raising medium could meet the requirement of rice seedling raising. Compared with the conventional raising seedling soil, the plant height increased 2.19 cm, stem diameter increased 1.63mm/10 plant, root length increased 5.44 cm, root number increased 1.2 roots, root dry weight increased 1.82g/ 100 plants. The dry weight of seedlings increased by 100 0.74g/ plants. This study verified the feasibility of rice straw seedling raising substrate instead of conventional seedling raising soil, effectively solved the problem that it is difficult to take soil in the process of rice production, seriously damaged the environment caused by agricultural waste, and improved the quality of seedling raising. The recycling of resources is realized, which provides theoretical support for the further development of supporting equipment.
【学位授予单位】：黑龙江八一农垦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S511

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