俄语交际的言语策略与技巧

发布时间：2018-06-06 19:07

本文选题：俄语 + 交际　；参考：《吉林大学》2004年硕士论文

【摘要】：引入言语策略与言语技巧概念是为了解决如何达到交际目的的问题，它决定了人们在交际中说些什么和怎么说，，对现实交际有直接的指导作用，因而引起了众多学者的广泛兴趣。一、前言言语策略和言语技巧是一种动态的言语现象。本文试图建立一种描述言语技巧的模式，使之能对具体言语技巧进行描述、分析，从而确立具体言语技巧的特点、成功的条件以及它的主要语言标志等等。这样做的目的是为了使人们在作为说话者时，能够根据自己的交际目的采用适当的言语技巧，顺利完成交际；而在作为受话者时，可以识别对方的言语技巧，领会其真正的交际目的，一方面使交际顺利进行，另一方面也使自己可以采用相应的对策，为自己的交际目的服务。二、建立言语技巧的描述模式本文分析了交际准则与言语策略、言语行为同言语技巧的关系，区分了言语策略、言语技巧、交际步骤的概念，明确了言语策略的功能、言语策略的分类，并阐述了能够说明言语技巧的6个方面的特点。根据这6个特点，我们建立了言语技巧的描述模式： 1) 确定使用某一言语技巧的交际情况； 2) 对说话人和受话人的基本认识； 3) 确定说话人和受话人的交际类型； 4) 实施言语技巧成功的条件； 5) 判断言语技巧的取效结果； 6) 主要的交际步骤和语言标志。三、根据模式对具体言语技巧的分析 1. 根据描述模式对劝告技巧的分析 WP=69 1) 交际情况的信息劝告的目的是达到屈从，由于交际者之间的某些认知预设不相吻合，所以交际对方不想实施该行为，对言语行为发起者的最初反应是直接或间接的拒绝。 2) 对话中双方的地位劝告中双方的地位是不对称的，通常发起者处于一种弱势地位。 3) 谈话的交际类型说话者的利益要求要在合作的原则下进行交际。 4) 言语技巧成功的条件 ⑴ 前提条件： ① 说话人预测到，受话人有能力完成这一行为。 ② 根据个人意愿，受话人不打算进行这一活动。 ③ 说话人认为，从自己利益的角度上讲他应当让受话者实施某一行为。 ⑵ 实质条件： ① 说话人试图促使受话人实施行为。 ② 说话人认为，为了达到目的必须使用一定数量的论据。 ⑶ 真诚条件：说话者认为（或做出样子），完成动作对于受话人来说是恰当的。 ⑷ 补充条件：听话人和说话人之间不应该是冲突关系。如果是冲突关系，也要采用补充步骤扭转局面。 5) 根据取效结果判断 6）交际步骤及其语言标志 ⑴ 注重说话者和听话者之间的感情和关系 WP=70 肯定实施这一步骤的主要句式是： Ты же меня любишь… Сделай это ради меня… Мы же друзья… 否定实施这一步骤的主要句式是： Если бы ты меня любил… Я к тебе со всей душой, а ты… Ты мне друг или кто?… ⑵ 注重对方的品质正面实施这一步骤常见的句式有： Тебе же это сделать — раз плюнуть. [Пойди попроси], ты ведь такой обаятельный. [Обязательно приходи], ты ведь душа компании. [Не уходи], мы без тебя как без рук. 负面实施这一步骤常见的句式有： Не по зубам тебе такое… Ну, ты не мужик, что ли?! Тебе что, рубля жалко? ⑶ 注重利与弊正面实施这一步骤常用的句式有： Ну ты сам подумай… Тебе ли не знать… 负面实施这一步骤常用的句式有： Тебе видней, но, по-моему, это глупо. Как ты не можешь понять… WP=71 ⑷ 注重权威注重权威，就是指出论证的来源。例如： Даже N считает, что это лучше. Все делают так, а ты что — лучше? 在否定实施这一步骤时，权威具有消极意义，例如： Если хочешь порадовать N, делай так, как он наметил! 2. 根据描述模式对侮辱技巧的分析 1) 有关面临交际事件的信息侮辱的交际任务就是贬低和怀疑对手。它的认知前提是，发话人对嘲笑客体的认识和假设的受话人—观察者的认识不一致，需要一定的调整。 2) 在交际情景中的地位鉴于我们使用杂志刊物上的材料研究侮辱技巧，所以我们研究的这些话语的直接受话者是读者，而间接受话者（被侮辱的人）是第三者。 3) 为听话者和说话者确定交际类型侮辱技巧的特点是，旨在与被侮辱者对抗。但是由于侮辱技巧经常要考虑到观察者的存在，所以发话者必须努力保持形象，以增强说服力。 4）成功的条件我们研究的只是公开侮辱的情况。 ⑴ 前提条件： ① 说话者对第三者，即对手，进行否定性的评价。 ② 说话者认为，听话者正面评价这个人或者对该人没有评价。 ③ 说话者认为，应该使听话者相信，第三者不值得信赖。 ④ 说话者和听话者都十分明白，展示第三者
[Abstract]:The introduction of the concept of speech strategy and speech technique is to solve the problem of how to achieve the purpose of communication . It determines what people say in the communication and how to say , has a direct guiding role in the real communication , thus arousing the wide interest of many scholars .

I . Foreword

Speech strategies and verbal skills are a dynamic speech phenomenon . This paper attempts to establish a mode of describing speech techniques so that it can describe and analyze specific speech techniques , so as to establish the characteristics of specific speech techniques , the conditions of success and its main linguistic signs and so on .

The purpose of this is to enable people to use appropriate language skills according to their communicative purposes in order to make people communicate smoothly according to their communicative purposes ;
As a recipient , we can identify the other person ' s speech skills , grasp the true communicative purpose , make the communication go on smoothly , on the other hand , make it possible to use the corresponding countermeasures to serve their communicative purposes .

II . Description mode of establishing speech skills

This paper analyzes the relationship between communicative norms and speech strategies , speech acts and verbal skills , distinguishes between speech strategies , verbal skills and communicative steps , clarifies the function of speech strategies , classifies the speech strategies , and expounds the features of six aspects that can illustrate speech techniques .

Based on these six features , we set up a description model of speech skills :

1 ) determining the communication situation using a certain language skill ;

2 ) the basic understanding of the speaker and the receiver ;

3 ) determining the communication type of the speaker and the receiver ;

4 ) the conditions for the success of the verbal skills ;

5 ) judging the validity result of the speech technique ;

6 ) The main communicative steps and language signs .

III . Analysis of Specific Speech Skills Based on Mode

1 . Analysis of advice skills according to the description model

WP=69

1 ) Information on the communication situation

The aim of the communication is to yield , because some cognitive preset between the communicators do not coincide , so the communicative partner does not want to implement the act , and the initial response to the originator of the speech act is a direct or indirect refusal .

2 ) Status of the parties in the dialogue

The status of both parties is asymmetric and usually the promoter is in a vulnerable position .

3 ) communicative type of conversation

The speaker ' s interests require communication under the principle of cooperation .

4 ) Conditions for Success of Speech Skills

( 1 ) Prerequisites :

The speaker predicted that the recipient had the ability to complete the act .

( 2 ) According to the wishes of the individual , the recipient is not intended to carry out this activity .

In the opinion of the speaker , he should let the recipient carry out a certain act from the point of view of his own interests .

( 2 ) Substantive conditions :

The speaker tried to motivate the recipient to commit the act .

In the opinion of the speaker , a certain number of arguments must be used in order to achieve the purpose .

( 3 ) Good faith :

the speaker thinks ( or makes ) that the completion of the action is appropriate for the receiver .

( 4 ) Supplementary Conditions :

There should be no conflict between the listener and the speaker . If it is a conflict relationship , it is also necessary to use the complementary steps to twist the situation .

5 ) Judge according to the result of taking effect

6 ) Communication procedures and their language signs

( 1 ) Focus on the relationship and relationship between speakers and listeners

WP=70

The main sentence for the positive implementation of this step is :

I ' m sorry , I ' m sorry .

Let ' s take a look at it . .

Let ' s take a look at this . .

The main sentence of the negative implementation of this step is :

I ' m afraid . . . . . . . .

It ' s a good idea to make it happen .

Let ' s take a look at me .

( 2 ) Pay attention to the quality of the other party

The common syntax for implementing this step on the front is :

On the other hand , we can find a way to find a new solution to this problem .

In addition , we can find a new way to solve this problem .

In this paper , we find out that we can find a new way to solve the problem .

It ' s a great deal of time .

The common sentence of the negative implementation of this step is :

Take a look at it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I ' m sorry , I ' m afraid I ' ve got a lot of money .

Let ' s take a look at what you ' re doing .

( 3 ) Focus on pros and cons

The sentence commonly used to carry out this step is :

Control and control systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Let ' s take a look at it . .

The negative implementation of this step is commonly used in the following periods :

In this paper , we find out that we can make a great contribution to the development of the system .

On the basis of the analysis of the author ' s theory , the author makes a brief introduction to the author ' s research .

WP=71

( 4 ) Focus on authority

Focus on authority is to point out the source of argument . For example :

It ' s easy to find out what ' s going to happen .

B . C . C . C .

In the negative implementation of this step , authority has a negative meaning , for example :

On the other hand , we can find out that we can find a way to improve the performance of the system .

2 . Analysis of insulting skills in accordance with the description model

1 ) Information on communication events

The communicative task of an insult is to demean and doubt an opponent . Its cognitive premise is that the person who is the sender to the object of fun and hypothesis is not consistent with the understanding of the observer , and needs to be adjusted .

2 ) Status in communication scenarios

In view of our use of material research and insult techniques in magazine publications , the direct recipient of these words we study is the reader , and the recipient ( the insulted man ) is the third .

3 ) determining the type of communication for the listener and the speaker

The characteristic of the insult is that it is intended to fight against the insulted . But because the insult technique often takes into account the presence of the observer , the speaker must try to maintain the image in order to enhance the persuasion .

4 ) Conditions for Success

What we ' ve done is a public insult .

( 1 ) Prerequisites :

( 1 ) The speaker carries out a negative evaluation of the third party , that is , the opponent .

( 2 ) The speaker is of the opinion that the listener evaluates the person positively or does not evaluate the person .

The speaker believed that the speaker believed that the third was not worth believing .

( 4 ) The speaker and the listener clearly understand that the third party is shown
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：H35

【参考文献】