哈萨克斯坦语言文化政策中的俄语因素

发布时间：2018-09-03 11:09

【摘要】：自18世纪起，哈萨克斯坦就受到俄罗斯文化的影响，与俄罗斯语言文化结下了不解之缘。由于哈萨克斯坦所处的重要战略位置，沙俄帝国开始蚕食哈萨克斯坦，直至吞噬掉其广袤国土。沙俄在征服哈萨克斯坦的过程中，逐步推广俄罗斯文化，迫使哈萨克斯坦各民族俄罗斯化，其中最主要的手段就是大力推广俄语。俄语一方面充当了殖民统治的工具，一方面成为文化沟通的桥梁，使哈萨克斯坦精英分子接触到俄罗斯先进文化，拓宽了视野。苏联时期，苏维埃政府由初期推行的语言平等政策，逐渐转向强制推广俄语，到哈萨克斯坦独立之初，全国七成以上的人能流利运用俄语，而只有不超过三成的人掌握哈语。哈萨克斯坦独立时，俄罗斯语言文化是哈萨克斯坦社会的主流语言文化，所以政府亟待复兴哈萨克斯坦主体民族—哈萨克族的传统文化：一是如何提升哈萨克族政治地位；二是如何增加哈萨克族的人口数量，使之在哈萨克斯坦占多数；三是如何弘扬和发展哈萨克民族传统文化，使其成为国家的主流文化并顺利传承下去；四是如何在最短的时间内使哈萨克语成为哈萨克斯坦的正式语言并为国民所接受。哈萨克斯坦独立20多年来，，国内政局稳定，经济发展顺利，国际地位日益提高。俄罗斯、美国和土耳其三国在哈萨克斯坦展开文化软实力的较量。俄语仍对哈萨克斯坦有很大的影响，充当着哈萨克斯坦与后苏联空间国家间沟通的纽带。这都使得哈萨克斯坦弘扬民族文化困难重重。本文通过对俄语在哈萨克斯坦生根发芽，到其成为主流语言这一历史进程的研究分析，探析哈萨克斯坦语言文化政策中的俄语因素，总结归纳了哈萨克斯坦发展本民族文化、不断提升国家实力的历史经验，以期对俄语研究、俄罗斯问题研究以及哈萨克斯坦问题研究有所贡献。
[Abstract]:Since the 18 th century, Kazakhstan has been influenced by Russian culture. Because of Kazakhstan's important strategic position, the Russian Empire began to encroach on Kazakhstan until it swallowed up its vast territory. In the process of conquering Kazakhstan, Czarist Russia gradually popularized Russian culture and forced all ethnic groups in Kazakhstan to be Russianized, the most important means of which was to promote Russian vigorously. On the one hand, Russian served as a tool of colonial rule, on the other hand, it became a bridge of cultural communication, which made Kazakh elite come into contact with Russia's advanced culture and broaden its horizons. During the Soviet period, the Soviet government gradually shifted from the initial policy of language equality to the compulsory promotion of Russian. At the beginning of Kazakhstan's independence, more than 70% of the people in the country were fluent in Russian, while only less than 30% of the people mastered the Kazakh language. When Kazakhstan became independent, the Russian language and culture was the mainstream language and culture of Kazakh society, so the government urgently needed to revive the traditional culture of Kazakh nationality, the main nationality of Kazakhstan: first, how to promote the political status of Kazakh people; Second, how to increase the number of Kazakh population and make it the majority in Kazakhstan, third, how to carry forward and develop Kazakh traditional culture, make it become the mainstream culture of the country and pass it down smoothly. Fourth, how to make Kazakh become the official language of Kazakhstan and be accepted by the people in the shortest time. Since Kazakhstan's independence more than 20 years ago, its domestic political situation has been stable, its economy has developed smoothly, and its international status has been rising day by day. Russia, the United States and Turkey are competing for cultural soft power in Kazakhstan. Russian still has a great influence on Kazakhstan and acts as a link between Kazakhstan and the post-Soviet space state. This makes it difficult for Kazakhstan to carry forward its national culture. Based on the research and analysis of the historical process of Russian taking root and sprouting into the mainstream language in Kazakhstan, this paper analyzes the Russian factors in the language and culture policy of Kazakhstan, and summarizes the development of its own national culture in Kazakhstan. The historical experience of improving national strength is expected to contribute to Russian studies, Russian studies and Kazakh studies.
【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H35

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