贸易壁垒对国际贸易的影响-assignment范文

国际管理是为在多个国家开展业务的组织管理业务的实践。这种做法需要技能和知识超出正常的业务专长。熟悉组织运作的国家的业务规则，熟悉各国的风俗习惯和法律，，以及以多种货币进行交易的能力是不可或缺的。
贸易壁垒涉及到公共部门或政府出台限制或阻止海外贸易和投资的措施。以下是贸易壁垒的例子。

BACKGROUND OF THE MAJOR PROBLEMS/ISSUES 主要问题/问题的背景
The International management is the practice of managing business operations for organizations that conducts business in more than one country. This practice requires skills and knowledge beyond the normal business expertise. It is indispensable to familiarize oneself the business regulations of the countries in which the organization operates, knowledge in the customs and laws of the nations, and the capability to perform transactions in multiple currencies.

Trade barriers pertain to the measures that public authorities or governments introduce that restrict or prevent overseas trade and investment. Below are the examples of Trade barriers.

Tariffs and Taxes
Tariff levels – import tariffs are usually higher and the amount of the tariff depends on what country the products came from.
Tariff Quota- import tariffs needs to meet a certain volume of the imported products.
Internal taxation- The imported goods get more expensive compared to the local products due to the indirect or internal (national/local) taxes.
Anti- dumping measures- Dumping means Special duties levied on imported goods that allegedly are sold at too low prices.
Export prohibition and other quantitative restrictions
Export subsidies and taxes
Regulations and procedures concerning imports and exports
Registration, Documentation and Custom procedures- These involves procedures which directly or indirectly affects the connection with customs that prevents trade. Eg. Inspection requirement, documentation, unnecessary delays and registration requirements.
Quantitative Restrictions and Related Measures – imports restricted through quantitative import restrictions or import prohibition. This includes import licenses, non-automatic import surveillance and quotas.
Rules and Standards
Competition issues
Sanitary and phytosanitary measures –
Standards and other Technical Requirements
Government Procurement
Subsidies
Other non-tariff measures
Legislation on patents
Legislation on copyrights and related rights
Trademark Legislations
Legislation on Appellations of origin and Geographical indications
Legislation on Industrial design and layout of integrated circuits
Discriminating Export licensing

POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS AND/OR ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTIONS 潜在的解决方案和/或替代课程的行动
One of the potential solutions here is to harmonize the International trade content and tariff schedules. Each country should enhance the technology in the trading Industry such as using online services for easier screening of import/export documentation and electronic filing.

International trading industry should establish standard coding system, rulings, regulations, statuses, resources and tariffs guided by law for strict compliance of the countries participating in the international trading.

The World Trade Organization should set a fixed tax rate and quota for particular types of goods. The participating nations especially those from developing countries are having challenges to meet the technical barriers, and the sanitary and phytosanitary measures. Hence, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) should work closely with the developing countries to assist in alternative and systematic method to meet the standard measures. The standardization should also include the documentation, licensing requirement, trademarks and patents should be standard in all nations by using one specific program which keep the record of all countries active in trading. This program is accessible in any country for faster screening, licensing and releasing legal requirement and documents.

DEVELOP DECISION CRITERIA FOR ADDRESSING/ SOLVING THE PROBLEM 制定解决/解决问题的决策标准
The trade barriers may be in tariff and non-tariff forms like custom procedures, transit duties, sanitation and phytosanitary. Addressing the issues that prevents or limits the trading between different countries is important to promote harmonious trading amongst countries. This will also widen the choices of the people of which products and services will be suitable for their needs. Below are some of the criteria to resolve some of the trade restrictions:

Certification procedures of the food whereas the specific details of the products are checked regularly by the competent trading body. The labeling procedures must be monitored as well to ensure that only quality products are distributed to the consumers. In particular, United States is working to comply with the legislation of the EU’s quality scheme and continuously export and market their products in the EU.
Establish standard measures in accrediting testing for natural goods like honeys and other mountain products. One example is the concern of the US with the ruling of EU honey containing pollen that genetically engineering material should not be considered as natural constituent but “ingredient.” Perhaps, the products would be approved under “Genetically modified organisms.” Argentina and Uruguay raised the same concern in the March 2012 WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Committee meeting which resulted to the declines in their exports in the market of EU.
Inaugurate clear and concise standard licensing requirements, Trademarks and Patents. In 2009, the Standardization Administration of China (SAC) were published due to the public comments proposed provisional rules to revise the national standards and involving Patents and the administration of the establishment. The concern for the revision of national standards involves abolishment of patented technologieswhich is unacceptable in the foreign trade. Also, many countries are concerned about the decision of EU to withdraw permission to use the “traditional terms” in certain products like wine and the restrictions to use traditional expressions in trademarks.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 结论与建议
I could conclusively say that the trade barriers in the foreign trade should be eliminated. There must be a dedicated organization that will monitor the trend in the international trading and set standard rulings and regulations in the import and export industry. The standard regulations must be added to the curriculum of the foreign trade and highlight the benefits to the consumers and sellers in business perspective. The natural and genetically engineered ingredients must be strictly identified.

The dedicated body should establish guidelines guided by international trading law for strict compliance. A fixed rate for tariff and taxes must also be established which will apply in all circumstances.

The International Organization of Standard (ISO) must also create alternative common trading guidelines for developing countries, so they could meet the standard and continuously exchange products with international community.