思维漫游及正念冥想干预的生理机制研究

发布时间：2018-03-13 11:16

本文选题：思维漫游　切入点：正念冥想　出处：《西南大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：思维漫游(Mind Wandering,MW)是一种常见的现象,被认为是与任务无关的想法,思维漫游时注意从外部任务转移到内部。本研究采用持续注意任务(Sustained Attention to Response Task,SART)范式,但是本范式没有探究元意识或元认知对思维漫游的影响,所以我们在经典持续注意任务的基础上增加了元意识或元认知的成分,即整个任务过程中被试意识到自己的注意从当前任务发生转移(产生思维漫游)就立即进行按键反应,我们把改进的实验范式称为元意识持续注意范式(meta-awareness SART,MSART),本范式可以尽可能多的获取思维漫游片段,既能根据被试的内省报告也可以使用探测获取。本研究中我们把通过被试元意识获取的思维漫游片段称为元意识思维漫游(meta-awareness mind wandering),把通过探测获取的思维漫游片段称为被动思维漫游(passive mind wandering)。正念有着深厚的历史渊源,融合了佛学禅修、医学和心理学思想。正念冥想是一种以正念技术为核心的冥想练习方法,正念冥想训练强调全身心的活在当下,关注此时此刻的体验,是一种自由开放的意识关注过程,倡导以开放接受的态度主动关注痛苦体验。研究发现正念冥想不仅可以有效改善抑郁、焦虑等情绪问题,改善睡眠状况,提高注意和记忆,还可以缓解轻度认知障碍等神经退行性疾病等。本研究包括两个实验研究,研究一和研究二分别探讨了思维漫游时生理机制和正念冥想对思维漫游影响的潜在生理机制。研究一:探讨元意识思维漫游和探测到被动思维漫游的生理机制以及两种思维漫游生理机制的差异。通过论坛或广告方式招募41名被试,在完成元意识持续注意任务的过程中记录事件相关电位(event-related potentials,ERPs)数据。心理测量量表包括中文版本的五因素正念量表(Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire,FFMQ)、状态-特质焦虑量表(State-Trait Anxiety Inventory,STAI)和Beck抑郁问卷(Beck Depression Inventory,BDI)。重复测量方差分析发现元意识思维漫游时中央区(central),时间窗为130-160ms的N1成分的振幅显著下降,但是中央区,时间窗为190-230ms的P2成分的振幅显著增加,暗示元意识思维漫游时被试的注意转移了当前的任务。在探测到的被动思维漫游漫游时,时间窗为350-450ms的P300成分的振幅呈现显著的下降。结合我们的研究结果,我们认为元意识的确参与到思维漫游的过程,谨慎地认为元意识可能与ERP的早期成分有关,而探测到的被动思维漫游与ERP的晚期成分有关,元意识到的思维漫游和探测到的被动思维漫游有不同的潜在生理机制。研究二:探讨正念冥想是否可以减少思维漫游,提高警觉性,以及正念冥想对思维漫游影响的潜在生理机制。采用2(组别:实验组和对照组)×2(时间:前测和后测)的混合实验设计,通过论坛或广告方式招募35名被试,随机分配到实验组和对照组,实验组为20人,对照组为15人。实验范式为元意识持续注意范式和思维警觉性(Psychomotor vigilance test,PVT)测试,PVT在MSART之前完成,被试完成MSART的过程中记录ERP数据。心理测量量表包括中文版本的五因素正念量表、状态-特质焦虑量表、Beck抑郁问卷和自我和谐量表。首先对心理测量结果进行2(时间:前测和后测)×2(组别:实验组和对照组)重复测量方差分析,时间作为被试内变量,组别为被试间变量。结果显示:正念五因素量表总分的交互作用(时间×组别)显著,进一步简单效应分析显示实验组后测得分显著大于前测得分。然后又对FFMQ的各个因子进行重复测量方差分析,结果显示不判断的交互作用显著,进一步的简单效应分析显示实验组后测得分显著高于前测得分;观察和描述因子在时间上的主效应显著,采用配对样本t检验发现观察因子和描述因子的实验组后测得分显著大于前测得分。状态焦虑(SAI)的交互作用显著,进一步简单效应分析发现对照组的后测得分显著大于前测;特质焦虑(TAI)的交互作用呈边缘显著,简单效应分析显示实验组的后测得分显著小于前测。贝克抑郁(BDI)和自我和谐(SCCS)均没有显著变化。然后又对元意识思维漫游、被动思维漫游和总思维漫游次数以及PVT的反应时进行重复测量方差分析,结果显示元意识思维漫游时时间和组别的交互作用显著,简单效应分析显示实验组后测的元意识思维漫游次数显著小于前测,被动思维漫游没有发现此效应,但是总的思维漫游次数时间和组别的交互作用显著,而且实验组后测显著小于前测。重复测量方差分析结果显示PVT反应时的时间和组别的交互作用显著,简单效应分析显示实验组的后测反应时显著小于前测,而对照组反应时没有显著变化。重复测量方差分析显示实验组被试后测枕叶区N2成分(180-220 ms)的平均振幅显著大于前测N2振幅,对照组N2成分的平均振幅没有显著变化。重复测量方差分析显示在中央区电极点失匹配负波(mismatch negativity,MMN)的平均振幅(100-150 ms)在时间上的主效应显著,配对样本t检验显示实验组后测的MMN的振幅显著大于前测,而对照组MMN的平均振幅没有显著变化。结合研究结果我们发现,正念冥想可以显著减少思维漫游,提高警觉性,N2和MMN可能是正念冥想减少思维漫游或提高注意力的潜在的生理机制。结合研究一和研究二的结果,我们认为元意识确实参与到思维漫游的过程中,且获取方式不同的思维漫游间的生理机制也不同,而且正念冥想可以显著减少思维漫游,提高注意力和警觉性,N2和MMN可能是正念冥想影响思维漫游的潜在生理机制。
[Abstract]:Thinking (Mind Wandering, MW roaming) is a common phenomenon, and is considered to be task independent thinking, thinking when roaming attention from external to internal task. This study used a sustained attention task (Sustained Attention to Response Task, SART) paradigm, but this paradigm does not explore the influence on metacognitive awareness or element thinking of roaming, so we based on a sustained attention task on the increase of Yuan awareness or meta cognitive components, i.e. the task is in the process of trying to realize shift their attention from the current task (thinking roaming) immediately through the key reaction, we have improved the experimental paradigm called metaconsciousness sustained attention paradigm (meta-awareness SART, MSART), this model can obtain as much thinking roaming fragments, can according to the introspective reports can also be used to detect. In this study we have By thinking of roaming subjects acquired consciousness element fragments called Yuan consciousness (meta-awareness mind wandering), roaming through the thinking gets called roaming fragment detection (passive mind wandering roaming passive thinking). Mindfulness has a profound historical origin, fusion of Buddhist meditation, medicine and psychology is a kind of mindfulness meditation. In mindfulness meditation practice as the core technology, emphasize mindfulness meditation training heart and live in the present moment, attention to experience, is a free and open awareness process, advocating open attitude receive active attention to pain experience. The study found that mindfulness meditation can not only improve the depression, anxiety and other emotional problems. To improve sleep, improve attention and memory, can also relieve nerve degenerative diseases such as mild cognitive impairment. This study includes two experimental research, study and research The two discusses the mechanisms underlying physiological and physiological mechanism and thinking when roaming meditation mindfulness roaming influences thought. A: To investigate the differences in element consciousness and detect passive thinking roaming roaming physiological mechanism and the physiological mechanism of two kinds of thinking. Roaming through the forum or advertising to recruit 41 subjects and record related events in the process of potential consciousness sustained attention task in (event-related potentials ERPs) data. The psychological measurement includes five factors Chinese version of mindfulness scale (Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, FFMQ), State Trait Anxiety Inventory (State-Trait Anxiety, Inventory, STAI) and Beck depression questionnaire (Beck Depression Inventory, BDI). Repeated measure variance analysis showed that the Yuan consciousness when roaming Center (central), the amplitude of time window for the N1 component of 130-160ms decreased significantly, but the central area, The amplitude of time window for the P2 component of 190-230ms were significantly increased, suggesting that subjects of consciousness when roaming yuan attention the task. In the passive thinking when roaming roaming is detected, the amplitude of time window for the P300 component of 350-450ms showed a significant decline. According to our research results, we believe that the yuan consciousness indeed to participate in the process of thinking roaming, carefully think consciousness may be related to the early components of ERP, the advanced components and passive thinking roaming and ERP to detect the related passive thinking conscious thinking element roaming and detected roaming mechanism. Two different potential physiological research: To investigate whether mindfulness meditation can reduce thinking roaming, improve alertness, as well as the potential physiological mechanism of effects of mindfulness meditation on thinking. The 2 roaming (Group: experimental group and control group) * 2 (time: pretest and posttest) mixed experimental design And through the forum or advertising to recruit 35 subjects were randomly assigned to experimental group and control group, experimental group 20, control group was 15. The experimental paradigm for meta consciousness sustained attention paradigm and thinking (Psychomotor vigilance test PVT, alertness) test, PVT before the MSART is completed, ERP data recording process the subjects completed MSART. Psychological measurement scale consists of five factors Chinese version of mindfulness scale, state trait anxiety scale, Beck depression scale and self harmony scale. Firstly, psychological measurement results were 2 (time: pretest and posttest) * 2 (Group: experimental group and control group) repeated measures analysis of variance, time as within subjects variable groups is between variables. The results showed that the interaction of five factors and total scores of mindfulness (time * group) significantly further simple effect analysis showed that the experimental group post test scores higher than the pre-test score then. Repeated measures analysis of variance of each factor on FFMQ, results show that the interaction is not significant judgment, further simple effect analysis shows that the experimental group post test scores were significantly higher than the pre-test score; the main effect of the observation and description of factors in time significantly, using paired samples t test showed that the experimental group to observe and describe the factor factor post test scores were significantly greater than the pretest scores of state anxiety (SAI). The significant interaction, further simple effect analysis showed that the control group was significantly higher than the pretest posttest score; trait anxiety (TAI) interaction was a significant, simple effect analysis showed that the experimental group was significantly lower than the pretest posttest score of Beck depression. (BDI) and self harmony (SCCS) showed no significant change. Then the element of consciousness of roaming, repeated measurement of variance passive thinking and total number of roaming and roaming thinking PVT reaction The analysis results show that the interaction of element, consciousness time and roaming groups are remarkable, the simple effect analysis element mind roam number showed that the experimental group was significantly lower than the pretest posttest, passive thinking roaming is not found on this effect, but the total interaction time and the number of groups roaming thinking is significant, and the experimental group was measured less than the pretest. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed the interaction of PVT reaction time and group significantly, simple effects analysis showed that the experimental group in the post test reaction time was significantly less than before the test, while the control group was not changed significantly. Repeated measure analysis of variance showed that the experimental group was measured after occipital N2 component (180-220) the average amplitude of MS was significantly higher than the pretest N2 amplitude, the average amplitude of N2 component of the control group did not change significantly. Repeated measure analysis of variance showed that in the central area with negative electrode mismatch Wave (mismatch negativity, MMN) the average amplitude (100-150 MS) at the time of the main effect is significant, the amplitude of the paired sample t test showed that the experimental group after the test of MMN was significantly greater than that of the pre-test, but there was no significant change in the average amplitude of MMN in the control group. Combined with the results of the study we found that mindfulness meditation can significantly reduce roaming thinking N2 and MMN, improve alertness, may reduce or increase the mindfulness meditation thinking roaming the underlying physiological mechanism of attention. Based on a research of the two results, we believe that the yuan consciousness really participate in the process of thinking and roaming, obtain the physiological mechanism of different ways of thinking between roaming is different, and mindfulness meditation can be significant reduce thinking roaming, improve attention and alertness, N2 and MMN may be the mechanisms underlying physiological effects of mindfulness meditation mind roam.

【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B842

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