马克吐温游记小说中“讽刺”手法的应用

发布时间：2018-05-29 13:40

本文选题：文学 + 马克吐温　；参考：《太原理工大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 马克吐温,原名塞缪尔兰霍恩克莱门斯( 1835年11月30日- 1910年4月21日),美国作家,记者和幽默家。他不仅是当时全美第一位最有影响力的文学名人,更在世界文学史上享有声誉。“马克吐温”这个笔名,最早诞生于1863年西部内华达州,两个多世纪以来,这个名字以及克莱门斯本人已经成为文学史上的神话类人物。在《非洲绿山》一书中,海明威写道:“所有当代的美国文学都来自马克吐温的一本书,即《哈克费恩历险记》...它是所有美国作品的源头”。在文学史上,马克吐温一直被尊称为“美国文学之父”,不仅因为他是把“口语化”文风引进美国小说写作中的第一人,更重要的一点源于吐温的语言特色。他用词讲究准确,尤其善于利用语言刻画栩栩如生的人物形象。在他生活的时代里,吐温已经被誉为“当代美国最伟大的幽默家”。这个称号吐温当之无愧--是他生动的语言,一系列丰富多样的幽默喜剧技巧,诸如反语,诙谐,夸张,讽刺和滑稽的格言妙语及各种漫画技巧为他赢得了读者和听众,赢得了如此殊荣。马克吐温在文学界的多产可以和英国伟大作家查理斯狄更斯相提并论;理解吐温不易,事实上,在吐温的早期文学生涯中,他是作为一位喜剧幽默人物被读者和听众所接受的。吐温的真正成名是在他的第一本游记小说《傻瓜出国记》出版发行之后,这也是他的第一部和影响力最大的作品,国内外读者纷纷为书中的幽默诙谐的喜剧艺术所倾倒,正如出版商打出的销售广告中所说,“本书的每一页都充满了滑稽与欢笑”。 “幽默家”在马克吐温生活的时代背景下是“滑稽讽刺家”的别称,类似于马戏团的小丑,文化地位远不如“严肃作家”高。而吐温的幽默却又别于当时受英国文学影响的传统文化体制下的哗众取宠和诙谐机智。吐温擅长于用严肃的口吻讲诉幽默故事,而他本人似乎从未感觉到他的幽默里有什么好笑的地方,即使是在政治报告或是给学生们的演讲,吐温总能以他独特的“冷幽默”和滑稽的讽刺带给听众和读者笑声。更重要的是,吐温幽默的目的不是肤浅的娱乐,而是期望借此唤醒社会,干预生活。吐温的幽默讽刺在他的所有作品中无处不在,在其自传中马克吐温曾说过,任何一部好的文学作品都是与幽默分不开的,因为文学(包括严肃类文学)要打动读者,首先要以一种读者乐于接受的方式取悦读者。他又补充,他的幽默又是与其游历各国的经历及所见所闻分不开的。(马克吐温,1989:330-331)因此,吐温的幽默最集中,最明显地体现在他的游记小说中。事实上,从他的第一部游记小说在国外出版开始,对于19世纪晚期的读者,马克吐温首先是一位旅行作家,而不是小说家。本文通过对吐温三部主要游记小说的分析,旨在为读者提供更多的素材整体把握“吐温式幽默”的特点,风格和背后隐含的深刻寓意。希望能为日后研究马克吐温的学者增添有价值的线索。游记小说离不开形形色色的人物,吐温的“冷幽默”及“讽刺性幽默”艺术使这些人物跃然纸上,《傻瓜出国记》描述包括吐温在内的美国人到欧洲的见闻故事,表面上看,作者处处在嘲笑所谓的傻瓜美国人第一次见到古老神圣的欧洲的时的种种滑稽故事,然而笑过之后,读者便能体会出吐温的意图却是在讽刺欧洲的古老腐朽和排外及美国人对欧洲及欧洲人盲目的向往与仰慕,而题目的“傻瓜”之意也就在此,从而旨在树立美国人的自信及民族认同感。《艰难岁月》是一部小说与自传体的结合,记述西部淘金者的生活。小说的叙述者多以天真无邪,未经世事的“傻瓜”,“新手”形象出现,使作品的趣味性和戏剧性大大增加。吐温独特的幽默讽刺手法使全书79章对西部风土人情,政治时事的描述远离了枯燥的报道式风格。《密西西比河上》是吐温最长的游记小说,融入了游记,自传,杜撰体裁。前三章概述了密西西比河的历史和地理特征,4到17章主要写河两岸的人文故事,以平淡而诙谐讽刺的口吻回忆记述了作者从1858至1859年做多舵手的生涯,以及如何从天真浪漫到成熟老练的过程。
[Abstract]:Mark Twain, the original name Samuel? Clemence (November 30, 1835 - April 21, 1910), American writer, journalist and humorist. He was not only the first most influential literary celebrity in the United States, but also enjoyed a reputation in the history of world literature. The name of "Mark Twain" was first born in 1863, Nevada, two For more than a century, this name and Clemence himself have become a mythical figure in the history of literature. In the book, "green mountain in Africa", Hemingway wrote: "all contemporary American literature comes from a Book of Mark and Twain, that is, the adventures of Haq Finn... It is the source of all American works."
In the history of literature, Mark and Twain have been honored as "the father of American Literature", not only because he is the first person to introduce the "colloquial" style of literary style into American fiction writing. More importantly, he is more important in Twain's language characteristics. In the generation, Twain has been known as "the greatest humorist of contemporary America". This title Twain is worthy of his vivid language, a variety of humorous and comic techniques, such as irony, humour, hyperbole, sarcasm and comic, and comic skills and various comic skills that won him readers and listeners.
Mark and Twain's Prolificacy in the literary world can be compared with the great British writer Charles Dickens; understanding Twain is not easy. In fact, in Twain's early literary career, he was accepted as a comic and humorous figure by readers and listeners. After the release, this is his first and most influential work, and readers both at home and abroad are pouring into the humorous and humorous art of the book, as the publisher says, "every page of this book is full of funny and laughable."
"Humorist" is a "funny satirist" in the background of Mark and Twain's life. The clown, similar to the circus, is far less than the "serious writer". But Twain's humour is different from the clantics and witty witty wit under the traditional cultural system influenced by English literature. Twain is good at using the grave. With a humorous story, he himself never seemed to feel a funny place in his humor. Even in a political report or a speech to the students, Twain could always laugh at his audience and readers with his unique "cold humour" and the funny irony. And, more importantly, Twain's humour is not a superficial amusement. It is to awaken society and intervene in life.
Twain's humour and satire are ubiquitous in all his works. In his autobiography, Mark and Twain once said that any good literary work is inseparable from humor, because literature (including serious literature) wants to move the reader, first to please readers in a way that readers are willing to accept. Mark Twain, 1989:330-331) therefore, Twain's humour is most concentrated and most evidently embodied in his travel novels. In fact, from his first travel novel abroad, Mark Twain is the first traveler, not a novel for the late nineteenth Century reader. Through the analysis of the three main travel novels of Twain, this article aims to provide readers with more material to grasp the characteristics, style and implied meaning behind the "Twain style humor", and hope to add valuable clues to the scholars who later study Mark and Twain.
Twain's "cold humour" and "sarcastic humor" art made these characters on paper. "Idiot go abroad" describes the stories of Americans, including Twain, to Europe. On the surface, the author is everywhere mocking the so-called stupid Americans for the first time to see the ancient holy Europe. The funny stories of the time, but after laughing, the reader can realize that Twain's intention is to satirize the ancient decadence and exclusion of Europe and the American yearning and admiration of Europe and Europeans, and the "idiot" of the subject is here to build up American confidence and national identity.
"Difficult years" is a combination of a novel and autobiography to account for the life of the gold miner in the West. The narrators of the novel are more naive and innocent, the "novice" and the "novice" image of the novel greatly increases the interest and drama of the works. Twain's unique humorous and satirical technique makes the 79 chapters of the whole book to the western customs and political times. The description is far from the boring report style. On the Mississippi River, it is Twain's longest travel book, which incorporates travel notes, autobiography, and genre. The first three chapters outline the historical and geographical features of the Mississippi River, and the 4 to 17 chapters mainly write the humanities stories on both sides of the River, recalling the author from 1858 to 1859 with a humorous and satirical tongue. The career of many helmsman in the year and how to grow from naive romance to mature sophistication.
【学位授予单位】：太原理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：I712.074

【引证文献】