从语用角度看英汉歧义现象的对比与翻译

发布时间：2018-09-04 13:46

【摘要】：歧义是语言中广泛存在的一种现象。触发和消除歧义的因素可归结为语言内部因素(语音，语法，语义)和语言外部因素(语用)。在汉语语法研究中歧义是一个重大突破，赵元任，朱德熙，吕叔湘最早提出汉语歧义分化的依据。西方歧义研究可追溯到古希腊哲学的思辩思想。但语用歧义这一范畴展开研究是自上世纪70年代起。英汉语言结构尽管有不同规则的制约，词语及其组合有各自的内涵和联想意义，但都需要在运用中与相关条件结合，即通过语境的控制才能解释歧义，完成言语交际。本文即从语境出发来研究歧义。本论文在传统静态歧义对比研究的基础上扩大到动态语用过程中产生的歧义，因为动态里面的歧义有时候静态是无法解释的，静态里的歧义在动态里不一定就有歧义。扩大到动态里面研究歧义，就包括语用研究的各个方面都可能产生歧义：指示语歧义，间接言语行为歧义，话语含意歧义，预设歧义，语境歧义。由于认知的共性，英汉语用过程产生的歧义可能是相通的。但另一方面，不同文化背景的人对源语语用歧义有时却难以理解，这又涉及民族文化心理，就是深层的原因。歧义有消极和积极两方面的作用。本文着重积极方面就是因为要强调歧义的语用功能。在英汉互译中，歧义式的翻译是一个难点。翻译可以消除歧义，本身也可能产生歧义。对于一些日常对话、文学作品以及广告中的歧义现象，我们尽量从语用角度来解读并翻译，因为这些歧义往往是作者为了达到某种艺术效果而设计的修辞手段，如比喻、双关等，其根本特征就是利用语言上的歧义。它们常常是说话者的蓄意安排，通过多种语言手段在语音、词汇、句法等层次上反映出来，利用语言细微的差别，达到耐人寻味、或出其不意的效果。对于原作的语用意义的的传达及其在译作中的得失问题，，翻译任务是保证和促进原作者和译文读者的交际成功。从语用角度谈翻译涉及语言的交际功能，类似奈达(Nida)所说的“功能对等”(functional equivalence)。为此，翻译可以采取各种策略(直译，意译，注释，替换，变通等)以帮助译文读者找到原文语境与译文的最佳关联，达到交际效果。论文对于歧义的语用过程的研究，旨在证明英汉两种语言在语用歧义上的相通性，尽管存在文化差异。因此，歧义的语用分析可以有助于英汉互译实践，歧义不仅可译，而且可译的好。
[Abstract]:Ambiguity is a widespread phenomenon in language. The factors that trigger and disambiguate can be attributed to the internal factors of language (phonetics, grammar, semantics) and the external factors of language (pragmatics). Ambiguity is a major breakthrough in the study of Chinese grammar. Zhao Yuanren, Zhu Dexi and Lv Shuxiang first put forward the basis for the differentiation of Chinese ambiguity. The study of Western ambiguity can be traced back to the thinking of ancient Greek philosophy. However, the study of pragmatic ambiguity has been carried out since the 1970s. Although English and Chinese language structures are restricted by different rules, words and their combinations have their own connotations and associative meanings, but they all need to be combined with relevant conditions in their application, that is, through the control of context, they can interpret ambiguity and complete verbal communication. This paper studies ambiguity from the perspective of context. Based on the traditional contrastive study of static ambiguity, this thesis extends to the ambiguity produced in the dynamic pragmatic process, because the ambiguity in the dynamic state is sometimes unexplainable, and the ambiguity in the static state is not necessarily ambiguous in the dynamic context. Expanding to study ambiguity in dynamics includes ambiguity in every aspect of pragmatic research: deixis ambiguity, indirect speech act ambiguity, utterance ambiguity, presupposition ambiguity, contextual ambiguity. Due to cognitive commonness, the ambiguity produced by English and Chinese pragmatic processes may be interlinked. On the other hand, it is sometimes difficult for people from different cultural backgrounds to understand the pragmatic ambiguity of the source language, which involves the national cultural psychology, which is the deep reason. Ambiguity has both negative and positive effects. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the pragmatic function of ambiguity. Ambiguity translation is a difficulty in English-Chinese translation. Translation can disambiguate and itself may produce ambiguity. We try to interpret and translate the ambiguity in daily dialogues, literary works and advertisements from a pragmatic point of view, because these ambiguities are often rhetorical devices designed by the author to achieve an artistic effect, such as metaphors. Puns and so on, its basic characteristic is the use of language ambiguity. They are often deliberately arranged by the speaker. They are reflected at the phonological, lexical and syntactic levels by a variety of linguistic means, and the subtle differences in language are used to achieve intriguing or unexpected effects. The task of translation is to ensure and promote the success of communication between the original author and the target reader. Translation involves the communicative function of language from a pragmatic Perspective, similar to what Nida (Nida) calls "functional equivalence" (functional equivalence). Therefore, translation can adopt various strategies (literal translation, free translation, annotation, substitution, flexibility, etc.) in order to help the target readers to find the best relevance between the original context and the target text and achieve the communicative effect. The purpose of this paper is to prove the similarities between English and Chinese in pragmatic ambiguity, despite the cultural differences. Therefore, pragmatic analysis of ambiguity can contribute to the practice of English-Chinese translation. Ambiguity is not only translatable, but also translatable.
【学位授予单位】：上海海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：H315.9

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