汉语设喻否定现象研究

发布时间：2018-02-26 14:04

本文关键词： 设喻否定反喻比喻范畴预设　出处：《复旦大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本文的主要研究对象是一种修辞手法——“设喻否定”。语言表现如下：在紧闭的门后面,人的思维作用发挥得最好。人不像马,得圈在一起。(《读者(合订本)》) 它是一种描述“不相似事件(X不像Y一样Z)”的修辞性否定句。“设喻否定”虽然语言表现形式多样,但都可提炼出一个不相似事件。如上例句的不相似事件即是“人/不像/马/一样得圈在一起”。上世纪80年代,这一语言现象曾引起学界热议,然而争议颇多,尚无定论。部分学者把它看作比喻的一个小类,称“反喻”,义指否定形式的比喻。也有学者持相反意见,从有无“相似性”的角度出发,认为此现象被比较的两事物间不具备相似性,因而不是一种比喻,建议另立新格。这也是争议焦点所在。除上述争议悬而未决外,相关修辞格研究文献多只对其定义、表现和修辞效果一笔带过。研究也多仅从修辞学角度入手,停留在语言表现的层面,且各家说法出入较大。经研究,本文认为这种修辞现象在构成、运作机制、修辞动因等核心修辞因素上的表现与比喻截然不同,不宜当作比喻下属小类研究。故依照研究对象的语言表现和运作机制暂称之为“设喻否定”,义指“对预设比喻的否定”。“设喻”指的就是“预设比喻”,“设喻否定”显示了它修辞动因作用下的运作机制,即通过对预设比喻的否定,产生一系列的修辞效果。除重新界定研究对象的性质、定义之外,论文借鉴预设理论和认知语言学对范畴、隐喻的研究成果,尝试对这种修辞现象的性质、构成、类型、运作机制、修辞动因、修辞效果、判定标准等问题做了深入、系统的研究。并在前人研究基础之上,重新界定了比喻辞格的判定标准。论文也希望通过对这些问题的探讨,达到“一定二分三明”的效果：一“定”,指确定这种语言现象的性质归属；“分”,指区分“设喻否定”和“比喻”,区分“设喻否定”与其他描写“不相似事件”的句子；三“明”,指明确“设喻否定”的三个核心问题——运作机制、修辞动因和判定标准。论文主体部分包括七章。第一章,引言。介绍研究对象的语言表现,初步给出研究对象的定义,并交代本文的主要研究价值和研究方法。第二章,综述前人研究成果,评析“反喻说”和“另立辞格说”两种观点,并提出本文对研究对象性质的看法。第三章,指出设喻否定包括五个基本构成要素,并分别根据相异主体性质、否定语气和(预设比喻)喻词的不同为设喻否定分类。第四章,详细分析了设喻否定的运作机制,并比较它与比喻运作机制的不同。两者都可看作说话人或作者对本体范畴的临时划归,但划归的过程和结果却根本不同。我们认为两者之所以是殊途而不能同归,首先缘于运作机制上的差别。第五章,分析了设喻否定的修辞动因。提出设喻否定的直接修辞动因和根本动因。并从修辞动因的角度,区分了设喻否定和易与之混淆的、其他描写“不相似事件”的句子。本章的另一个重要内容是讨论了设喻否定的修辞效果。第六章,从句子所描写的“不相似事件”是恒定成立还是限时成立的角度,将设喻否定分为“恒定设喻否定”和“时限设喻否定”。并根据“不相似事件”的成立与否情况,区分设喻否定和其他描写“不相似事件”的句子。第七章,在前人研究基础上,分析指出判定比喻的“最低标准”和“典型标准”,以及比喻的成立条件。并综合前文六章的研究结论,总结了设喻否定的判定标准。论文的最后是结语部分,概括了本文的主要研究成果和不足之处。
[Abstract]:The main object of this paper is a kind of Rhetoric -- "metaphorical negation" language as follows:
Behind closed doors, the mind works best. Unlike the horse, to be herded together. ("Reader (magazine) >)
It is a description of "similar events (unlike Y X Z)" rhetoric phenomenon. "Images of negation" although the language forms, but can be extracted from a similar event. As examples of similar events is not unlike "/ / MA / like circle together".
In 80s, this phenomenon has caused the academic hot, yet controversial and inconclusive. Some scholars regard it as a kind of metaphor, called "anti Yu", meaning the negative form of metaphor. Some scholars hold the opposite opinion, there is no "similarity" from the perspective of think of two things, this phenomenon was compared between do not have similarity, so it is not a metaphor, suggest a new lattice. This is also the focus of controversy.
In addition to the above controversies, most of the literature on rhetorical figures has been carried out in terms of its definition, performance and rhetorical effect.
Through research, this paper argues that the operation mechanism of the rhetorical phenomena in composition, performance, and figurative rhetoric motivation on different core rhetorical factors, not as a subordinate class. So the research of metaphor study in accordance with the language performance and the operation mechanism of temporarily called "metaphorical negation", meaning "negation of" presupposition of the metaphor. "Metaphor" refers to the "Presupposition" metaphor, metaphor "Negation" shows its operation mechanism under the effect of rhetorical motivations, namely through the negative presupposition of metaphor, produced a series of rhetorical effect.
In addition, re defining the research object definition, based on the theory of presupposition and cognitive linguistics to the research category, metaphor, try to nature, this rhetoric phenomenon, type, operation mechanism, rhetorical motivation, rhetorical effects, standards and other issues to do in-depth, systematic study. And on the basis of research the former, redefine the criteria of metaphor. The paper also hopes that through the discussion of these issues, to achieve "two Sanming" effect: a "set", refers to the ownership nature of this kind of language phenomenon identified; "points", refers to the distinction between "metaphorical negation" and "metaphor" and "metaphorical negation distinguish the description of" not "and other similar events" of the sentence; three "Ming", refers to the three core of the operation mechanism of "clear images of negation, rhetorical motivations and standards.
The main part of the thesis consists of seven chapters.
The first chapter, introduction, introduces the language performance of the research object, gives a preliminary definition of the research object, and gives an account of the main research value and research methods of this article.
The second chapter reviews previous research results, analysis of the "anti metaphors" and "separate figures" two views, and put forward opinions on the nature of the object.
The third chapter pointed out that metaphor negation consists of five basic elements, and respectively according to the different nature of the main body, and the negative mood (default metaphor) words for different images of negative classification.
The fourth chapter, a detailed analysis of the operation mechanism of metaphor in the negative, and compare it with the analogy operation mechanism is different. Both can be seen as a speaker or writer under the category of ontology of temporary, but the process and results of the classified are totally different. We think the two are not the same way, primarily due to the difference on operation mechanism.
The fifth chapter analyzes the rhetorical motivations, metaphors negative. Put forward the direct rhetoric motivation and motivation of metaphorical negation. And from the perspective of rhetorical motivations, the distinction between the metaphorical negation and easily confused, "no other description of similar events" sentences. Another important content of this chapter is to discuss the rhetorical effect of metaphors negative.
The sixth chapter described from the sentence "similar events" is the constant true or limit established point of view, will be divided into "negative images of constant negative metaphor" and "metaphorical time negation". According to "the establishment of similar events" or not, to distinguish between images of negation and the other description of "similar events" sentence.
The seventh chapter, on the basis of previous studies, pointed out that the determination of metaphor "minimum standards" and "typical", and the establishment of an analogy. The six chapter of conclusions and based on the above, summarizes the criteria of metaphorical negation.
The last part of the thesis is the concluding part, which summarizes the main research results and shortcomings of this paper.

【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H146

【参考文献】