论直接疑问句与间接疑问句的句类标记

发布时间：2018-02-28 21:35

本文关键词： 句类疑问句句末助词制图式研究疑问分裂假设　出处：《上海外国语大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：疑问句构成是经典而适切的句法学问题。主句疑问句，以及长期以来未得到句法研究重视的直接引语中的疑问句（以下简称直接疑问句）与间接引语中的疑问句（以下简称间接疑问句）表现出多种差异。传统句法研究中标句词可以包含[+WH]特征以及强[+Q]特征（如主句/直接疑问句）、弱[+Q]特征（如间接疑问句）或无[+Q]特征（如关系从句）。这虽然解释了一些独特的句法特征，但是有规定之嫌。与之相关的句末语气助词以及音调等作为直接疑问句独有的特征，其与语用的密切联系虽然一直受到关注，但缺乏和合理系统的结构解释，句法地位也一直存在争议。本文采用Rizzi (1997)提出的制图式研究方法，在试图厘清疑问功能的同时，以疑问句末语气词为突破口阐明其性质。我们从直接疑问句与间接疑问句的普遍直觉差异出发，在四种语言（英语、汉语、日语和韩语）、沿两个维度（直接与间接；一般疑问句与特殊疑问句）上再议疑问句构成。通过对比直接和间接一般疑问句，我们证明前者除采用助词倒装等结构操作之外（如有），语音式操作也更加活跃，而后者则必须借助词汇实现。以制图理论为导向，我们提出区分“提问”与“疑问”特征，从而将语用目的（寻求回答）从形式概念（句类）中剥离. 在直接与间接特殊疑问句的分析中，我们发现语音式操作较为自由，并对疑问词核查Int的能力进行了论述；我们还借助蔡维天（1994）对疑问词的分析解释了黄正德（2009）观察到的句类标记词与标句词的分布，并进一步证实，不同于黏着语中的疑问词素，疑问词本身缺乏疑问特征，取而代之的是以算子和/或变量体现信息缺失。基于以上观察，本文进一步提出“疑问分裂假说”，，并尝试运用该理论解决实际的句法问题。基于类型学的独立证据为论证增添了解释充分性，句末词模棱两可的地位也在疑问分裂假设框架内得到了澄清。句末语气助词和语调主要位于句子边缘，并与语音式有着密切的联系，是乔姆斯基最简方案里提到的接口效应的理想研究对象。上述基于四种语言疑问句的对比分析为直觉提供了理论化的解释，并得到其它独立研究的支撑，进一步丰富了句法空间，为进一步理解各种语言现象背后的动因提供了理据，在语言个性中探寻共性，向着人类语言普遍性探索更进一步。
[Abstract]:The construction of interrogative sentences is a classic and appropriate syntactic problem. There are many differences between the interrogative sentence in the direct quotation (hereinafter referred to as the direct question sentence) and the question sentence in the indirect quotation (the indirect question sentence) which have not been paid attention to in the syntactic research for a long time. The target words can contain [WH] features and strong [Q] features (such as subject / direct interrogatives, weak [Q] features (e.g. indirect questions) or no [Q] features (e.g. relational clauses), although this explains some unique syntactic features, As the unique features of direct interrogative sentences, the close relationship between them and pragmatics has been paid close attention to, but there is a lack of reasonable and systematic structural explanation. Syntactic status has also been controversial. Using the cartographic research method proposed by Rizzi / 1997, this paper attempts to clarify the function of interrogations, and at the same time clarifies its nature by using the final motif of interrogative sentences as a breakthrough. We proceed from the general intuitionistic differences between direct and indirect interrogative sentences. In four languages (English, Chinese, Japanese and Korean), on two dimensions (direct and indirect; general question and special question). We prove that the former is more active than other structural operations such as inverted auxiliary words (if any, phonetic operation is more active, while the latter must be realized by lexical means.) based on the cartographic theory, we propose to distinguish the features of "question" and "question". Thus the pragmatic purpose (seeking answers) is separated from the formal concept (sentence category). In the analysis of direct and indirect special interrogative sentences, we find that the phonetic operation is relatively free, and discuss the ability of interrogative words to check Int; We also explain the distribution of tagged words and target words observed by Huang Zhengde (2009) with the help of Cai Wei-tian 's 1994), and further prove that, unlike the interrogative morphemes in adherent words, the interrogative words themselves lack interrogative features. Instead, information is represented by operators and / or variables. Based on the above observations, This paper further puts forward the "question splitting hypothesis" and tries to solve the actual syntactic problems by using the theory. The independent evidence based on typology adds sufficient explanation to the argument. The position of ambiguity at the end of the sentence is also clarified within the framework of the question-splitting hypothesis. At the end of the sentence, the auxiliary and intonation of mood are mainly located at the edge of the sentence, and they are closely related to the phonetic style. It is an ideal research object for the interface effect mentioned in Chomsky's simplest scheme. The above contrastive analysis based on four language interrogatives provides theoretical explanations for intuition and is supported by other independent studies. It further enriches the syntactic space, provides the motivation for further understanding the motivation behind various linguistic phenomena, explores the commonalities in language individuality, and further explores the universality of human language.
【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H043

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