原型—标记理论：一种解释语言现象的认知视角

发布时间：2018-03-01 02:28

本文关键词： 范畴原型标记原型-标记理论　出处：《四川师范大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：原型范畴理论是认知语言学中一个重要的理论。原型范畴理论认为,范畴的边界是模糊的,特征是多值性的；范畴中各成员的地位是不相等的,有原型成员和边缘成员之分；所有的范畴成员都是按照家族相似性隶属于范畴集合的。原型范畴理论比经典范畴理论具有更强的解释力,但是原型范畴理论也存在着一些不足之处。例如：表征列表过于简单化、奇数悖论问题、特征来源问题、对比范畴问题以及原型范畴理论边界问题。标记性理论是指在语言内部和跨语言之间,某些语言成分可被视为无标记的,是简单、核心或者原型的成分；而另外一些可被看作是有标记的,是复杂、边缘或者例外的成分。在二语学习和外语学习中,标记现象有时被作为习得顺序或难度方向的预测计。但是标记理论也存在一定的缺陷。例如：标记理论过于抽象与模糊、划分标记与无标记的特征具有模糊性、标记与无标记的范畴边界也具有模糊性。基于上述模糊性,不同的人会有不同的划分,范畴成员可以隶属于标记的,也可以隶属于无标记的。原型理论和标记性理论旨在解决范畴成员之间地位不对称的问题。以此为基础,为了弥补原型理论和标记理论各自的不足,本论文试将两者结合形成一种新的认知视角,即原型-标记理论。该理论观点认为,在一个范畴里面,如果一个范畴成员具有简单基本的构词形式、处于中心典型的地位、具有低认知复杂度、高认知凸显度,那么该成员就是典型的无标记性的成员；如果一个范畴成员具有复杂的构词结构、处于边缘的例外的地位、具有高认知复杂度、低认知凸显度,那么该成员就是非典型的有标记性的成员。论文研究表明,该理论观点能够对一些语言现象,如语义变化中词义的扩大、缩小与转移等作出解释。这些语言现象出现的原因是,范畴内部成员的地位发生改变,有的由中心成员变成边缘成员,有的由边缘成员变成中心成员。总之,原型-标记理论可以比较好地解释发生在同一范畴以及不同范畴中成员之间地位变化的原因,从而有助于一些语言现象的解释。
[Abstract]:Prototype category theory is an important theory in cognitive linguistics. All the category members belong to the category set according to the family similarity. The prototype category theory has a stronger explanatory power than the classical category theory. However, there are some shortcomings in prototype category theory, such as oversimplification of representation list, odd number paradox problem, feature source problem, contrastive category problem and boundary problem of prototype category theory. Markedness theory means that within and across languages, some language components can be considered as unmarked, simple, core or archetypal elements, while others can be seen as marked and complex. In second language learning and foreign language learning, the phenomenon of markers is sometimes used as a predictor of the acquisition sequence or the direction of difficulty. However, there are some defects in marker theory. For example, it is too abstract and vague. On the basis of the above fuzziness, different people will be divided differently, and the category members may belong to the tagged category. It can also be attached to unmarked. Archetypal theory and markedness theory aim to solve the problem of asymmetric status among category members. Based on this, in order to make up for the shortcomings of archetypal theory and marker theory, this paper attempts to combine the two theories to form a new cognitive perspective. The theory holds that in a category, if a category member has a simple and basic form of word-formation, it is in a central and typical position, with low cognitive complexity and high cognitive prominence. Then the member is a typical unmarked member; if a category member has complex word-formation structure, marginal exception, high cognitive complexity and low cognitive salience, Then the member is an atypical and marked member. The research shows that the theoretical viewpoint can explain some linguistic phenomena, such as the expansion, contraction and transfer of the meaning of words in semantic change. The reasons for these linguistic phenomena are:. The status of members within the category has changed, from central members to marginal members, and others from marginal members to central members. The archetypal-marker theory can explain the reasons for the change of the status of the members in the same category and different categories, which is helpful to the explanation of some linguistic phenomena.
【学位授予单位】：四川师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H0

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