十八世纪中叶到二十世纪末北京话被动式研究

发布时间：2018-03-02 21:18

本文选题：被动式　切入点：北京话　出处：《首都师范大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本文以18世纪中叶到20世纪末文艺文体中的北京话书面语文本语料为基础,运用统计学的研究方法对北京话被动式作语言学本体研究。同时,我们运用生命周期理论、语言经济原则、原型范畴理论和家族相似性理论作为语言学本体研究的理论支持。本文在收集整理近三百年北京话被动式语料基础上,运用数据统计法从外部分析北京话五个带被动标记词的被动式的生命周期和专职化倾向,从内部分析北京话常规被动式和特殊被动式的句型分类及发展规律。第二章根据被动标记词的不同及其在不同阶段的使用数量,从共时和历时角度分析北京话不同标记词被动式近三百年兴衰发展的生命周期：“被”字绝对优势地位从未动摇,它与“给”字均在20世纪80年代后期-90年代迎来鼎盛期,未来发展势头强劲；“让”字盛于20世纪70年代末-80年代,呈现出暂时下滑的态势,未来还有发展的空间；“叫”字20世纪70年代末-80年代达到顶峰后,衰落态势明显。“教”字20世纪20年代-40年代发展到顶峰后迅速衰亡,只活在个别人的个别作品中。“叫”、“给”、“让”和“教”字被动式的兴衰表现出“早出现早衰亡”的发展规律。北京话不同标记词被动式也表现出较为鲜明的专职化倾向,我们在第三章从文体、语体、语义色彩和被动标记词词义的独立性角度作了分析。北京话被动式文体专职化倾向表征明显,“被”、“给”、“教”字被动式偏重文学文体,“让”字被动式倾向艺术文体,“叫”字被动式表现出艺术文体向文学文体的转向。北京话被动式语体专职化表现出典型语体表达方式对于次类语体倾向的影响力,同时,在与文体的对应中表现出语体的主导性。此外,通过对语料的整理和统计,我们发现北京话被动式不分文体和语体地以贬义语义感情色彩为主,且以受事者立场表达为主,据此,我们重新为被动式的语法意义作了规定,认为,被动式共性的句法意义是：叙事者对事件亲历者其所经历的出乎其意料的事件的主观表达；被动式的核心语法意义是叙事者站在受事者立场对其所经历的出乎其意料的不幸或不如意事件的主观表达。我们根据被动式的句式特点和语义的被动表达把北京话被动式分成两大类：常规被动式和特殊被动式。第四章和第五章分别对常规被动式和特殊被动式作句型分类研究和句型发展规律的分析。常规被动式：1)以“被”字被动句型为主。2)“被”字被动式句型最为多样,“给”字被动式句型最少。3)“被”字被动式以“pm+NP”句型为主,“给”字被动式以“pm+VP”句型为主,二十世纪七八十年代后这种格局均受到挑战。“叫”、“教”、“让’字被动句型只有“pm+NP”句型。4)单个动词作谓语、动宾结构作谓语和动补结构作谓语的被动句型数量最多,是北京话被动式的核心被动句型,生命力远远高于其他被动句型。同一被动句型内部,以核心语法功能进入的句型分支生命力更持久。特殊被动式：1)18世纪中叶以后已衰落少见,近三百年来尚存的特殊被动式数量很少,其中以“被”字被动式为主,“叫”字其次。2)“给”字是唯一没有特殊被动句型的被动式。3)特殊被动式在20世纪40年代后集体消亡。北京话被动句型的兴衰发展表现出以下规律：1)不同标记词的同一被动句型遵循“早出现早衰亡”的规律；2)核心句型和以核心语法功能进入的被动句型生命力更旺盛；3)核心句型出现早于非核心句型,非核心句型衰落早于核心句型,核心句型和非核心句型间体现出“晚出现早衰亡”的规律。这其中,汉语普通话规范化的影响力、语言经济原则、原型范畴理论和家族相似性起到直接的作用。
[Abstract]:In the mid eighteenth Century to the end of the twentieth Century literary style of Beijing dialect in the written language of the corpus based, uses statistical research methods for Linguistics Research on Beijing passive words. At the same time, we use the life cycle theory, economic principle, prototype theory and family resemblance theory as the theoretical support of linguistics.
This paper collected nearly three hundred years of Beijing dialect passive based on corpus, using the statistical method of data from the external analysis of Beijing five with passive marker passive life cycle and professional tendency, from the internal analysis of Beijing dialect and conventional passive passive sentence classification and special law of development.
The second chapter according to the passive marker and the number of different in different stages, from synchronic and diachronic perspective of the rise and fall of Beijing in the past three hundred years different marker passive life cycle: the "Bei" dominance has never wavered, and "Gei" in late 1980s -90 ushered in the peak period, the future of the strong momentum of development; "let" Sheng in late 1970s -80 years, showing a temporary decline in the situation, and the future development of space; "call" at the end of 1970s -80 years after the peak, the decline trend is obvious. "Teaching" in 1920s -40 reached its peak after the rapid decline, only live in a other people's individual works. "Call", "to", "let" and "the rise and fall of teaching" passive show "development law first appeared early decline".
Beijing dialect is different passive marker also showed a distinct tendency of specialization, we in the third chapter, from the perspective of independence style, style, color and word semantic passive markers are analyzed. The Beijing dialect passive style full-time tendency obvious characteristics, "", "", "teaching" on the passive the literary style, "let" passive tendency of artistic style, "called" passive art style to show to the literary style. Beijing style full-time showed typical passive style expression influence, for such stylistic tendencies in style and at the same time, the corresponding exhibit dominant style. In addition, based on the corpus and statistics, we found that the Beijing dialect is not divided into passive style and style with derogatory semantic emotional, and the patient's stance, accordingly, we are again Type the grammatical meaning of the rules, that is the common passive syntactic meaning: the narrator to witness the event it has to express their subjective expectations of events; core grammatical meaning is the narrator standing in the passive position of the patient experience beyond their expectations of the subjective expression of misfortune or not the best of events.
We take the Beijing dialect is divided into two categories according to the passive passive sentence features and semantic expression of passive: conventional passive and passive. Special analysis of the fourth chapter and the fifth chapter sentence classification research and development rules of conventional passive sentence and special passive. Conventional passive: 1) to the "Bei" passive sentence patterns.2) the word "Bei" passive sentence the most diverse, "Gei" passive sentence at least.3) "is" the word "pm+NP" passive sentence patterns, "to" passive "pm+VP" pattern, this pattern was challenged in twentieth Century after 70s and 80s. "Call", "teaching", "let 'word the passive sentence only" pm+NP ".4) single verb predicate, verb object structure and the quantity of passive constructions as a predicate and verb complement structure predicate is the most passive sentence of Beijing dialect passive core, life The force is much higher than other passive sentences. Within the same passive sentence, sentence to grammatical functions into the core branch of vitality is more durable. Special passive: 1) after the mid eighteenth Century has declined the number of rare, special passive in recent three hundred years are very few, which is "the word" called "passive, followed by.2)" Gei "is not only the special sentence passive passive.3) in 1940s after the demise of the collective special passive.
The rise and fall of Beijing dialect passive sentence show the following rules: 1) different marking words of the same passive sentence follow the "first appeared as early as the decline" of the law; 2) core sentence and the core grammar function into passive sentences more vigorous vitality; 3) core sentence appears earlier than non core sentence, non core sentence fading as early as the core sentence, sentence core and non core patterns reflect the "late early decline" of the law. Among these, mandarin standard influence, language economy principle, prototype theory and family resemblance play a direct role.

【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H172.1

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