“反恐”话语意识形态分析：社会建构主义视角下的描写与阐释

发布时间：2018-03-06 20:05

  本文选题：“反恐”话语　切入点：意识形态　出处：《上海外国语大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：“9·11事件”后，世界话语转向了“反恐”叙事。学者们从不同视角解读“9·11事件”、“反恐”斗争及“反恐”话语。十年后的今天，虽然“基地组织”的“精神领袖”及恐怖袭击的策划者本·拉登被击毙，然而，他的死亡并未意味着反恐斗争的结束。对“9·11事件”、“反恐”斗争的本质及“反恐”话语的意识形态研究仍是全球范围内社会科学领域的热议话题。本文从批评性话语分析（CDA）视角，尤其是从社会建构主义视角探讨“反恐”话语的意识形态，，旨在揭示“反恐”话语中话语、权势及意识形态之关系，话语如何在意识形态介入下建构社会现实、社会身份及知识信仰体系。 批评性话语分析自英国语言学家R. Fowler于1979年在《语言与控制》一书中首次提出，至今业已形成该领域研究阵营中多学科多角度的研究模式，如，批评性语言学（CL）、Van Dijk的社会认知法（SCA）、Ruth Wodak的语篇历史分析法（DHA）、Van Leeuwen的社会角色表达法（SAA）、Norman Fairclough的辨证关系法（DRA）。尽管方法不同，但其主旨都是研究语言、权力及意识形态之间的关系。Fairclough（1989,1992,1995）指出话语是社会实践，作为意识形态介入和权力斗争的场所，话语组成并建构社会现实、主体地位、自我、知识和信仰，参与并促进社会变迁。Fairclough认为CDA不仅要揭示语言、权力及意识形态之关系，还要说明话语在当代社会与文化变迁中的作用。Fairclough的理论主张使他成为Lancaster社会变迁学派的代表人物。Fairclough的理论及分析框架被学者们广泛应用于分析政治语篇的意识形态。 本文在Fairclough的建构主义话语观启示下，提出从社会建构主义视角探讨“反恐”话语的必要性和可行性。指出“恐怖主义”、“9·11事件”、“美国权势地位”等社会现实是意识形态话语建构的结果。本文对美国前总统乔治·布什和奥巴马总统最具代表性的“反恐”话语的动态性社会实践进行多视角批评性分析，揭示美国总统“反恐”话语的使用策略及意识形态之建构功能。意识形态介入到话语的各个层面参与社会实践(Faircough,1992a:48)。本文从词汇层、语法层、语篇层、语用层等多视角描写及阐释“反恐”话语使用策略及意识形态建构过程。在词汇层面，探讨语词、再次词汇化、隐喻、过度词汇化；在语法层面，探讨及物性系统、情态、语气；在语篇层面，探讨衔接；在语用层面，探讨言语行为、(不)礼貌、互文性（包括话语描述、预设及互为话语性）。 本研究的主要发现： 1.理论方面，本文在对CDA及Fairclough理论作出细致研究基础上指出该理论的特点及存在的不足。其一，CDA将语言学与社会学相结合，拓宽了语言研究视野。由于CDA是社会取向的语言研究，具有交叉学科的特征，因此在研究方法上缺乏一贯统一的研究模式。其二，CDA揭示话语隐藏的意识形态及权力不平等、权力滥用等现象，忽视了话语动态性社会建构的实质性内涵研究。其三，CDA代表人物Fairclough多次重申建构主义话语观，但其并未充分体现在他的三维话语阐释及分析框架中。至此其建构主义话语观未得到充分理解与诠释。本文提出意识形态话语模型及分析框架，突出话语、意识形态及权力等概念动态性交互作用关系，并在此基础上尝试性分析“反恐”话语意识形态之建构功能。 2.语料分析发现如下： （1）从词汇层面看，“反恐”话语通过词汇策略，如，语词、再次词汇化、过度词汇化表达，建构“我们/他们”冲突对立框架，其中包括“价值观冲突”、“文明冲突”、“9·11前/后不同世界”(“我们”指美国及美联盟，“他们”指拉登及恐怖组织等)，等。建构美国“世界警察”及“法律之上”的社会身份及权势地位。在隐喻表达方面，建构“战争框架”，通过概念映射，二战和冷战做为源域，映射到目的域“9·11事件”，法西斯等作为源域，映射到目的域“9·11事件”袭击者，将“9·11事件”建构为“9·11战争”。 （2）从语法层面看，语法策略，如，目的驱使结构与手段驱使结构的选择具有意识形态意义。目的驱使结构的使用建构美国反恐行动“报复”目的及“强权势力”；手段驱使结构建构恐怖分子“低权势”地位。及物性转换发挥至关重要作用，其中名物化表达“威胁”、“袭击”，建构“恐怖”意识形态。被动化结构建构美国在“9·11事件”中“受害者”身份。情态意义及语气建构美国“自信”和“权势”。 （3）从语篇层面看，语篇衔接手段凸显美国在“反恐”斗争中的实力和“团结”的价值观。 （4）从语用层面看，“反恐”话语利用多种言语行为为美国“权势地位”的建构及反恐意识形态动机的实现提供理据。如低情态陈述类言语行为建构客观事实，增强说服力；表达类言语行为建构与“我们”友善关系，谋求反恐战争支持，等。建构美国“强权势力”、“知识信仰体系”还通过以下话语实践策略实现：（不）礼貌言语行为、话语引述及预设策略。最后，话语秩序研究表明“反恐”话语是表层叙事风格与深层辩论及对话等多重语类交织的结果，新的话语秩序是意识形态建构的产物。 研究结果表明，布什及奥巴马总统的话语使用策略和在“反恐”问题上的意识形态保持一致。意识形态作用下的美国总统“反恐”话语建构“我们/他们”之间的冲突世界为美国反恐战争行为提供理据。“反恐”话语在建构世界和推动社会变迁中发挥重要的作用。 本研究具有一定的理论与实践意义。理论方面，对现有批评性话语分析研究方法进行评价性回顾的基础上，指出前期相关研究方法及概念阐释上的不足，进而提出社会建构主义视角下的话语模型及分析框架，并尝试性从多视角描写与阐释“反恐”话语动态性意识形态建构功能，丰富并深化该领域的研究。实践方面，本文从社会建构主义视角分析“反恐”话语意识形态，为“反恐”实质性内涵提供不同解读视角。本研究还为政治语篇的语言结构和社会功能研究提供一定参考价值。
[Abstract]:"9 / 11", the world turned to the "anti-terrorism" narrative discourse. Scholars from different perspective "9 / 11", "anti-terrorism struggle and" anti-terrorism "words. Ten years later, although the Ben La planner Al Qaeda" and "spiritual leader" and the terrorist attacks were published killed, however, his death does not mean the end of the fight against terrorism. "9 / 11", "terrorism" against nature and "anti-terrorism" discourse ideology research is still a worldwide hot topic in the field of social science. This paper from critical discourse analysis (CDA) perspective, especially on "terrorism" the discourse of ideology from social constructivist perspective, aims to reveal the discourse of "anti-terrorism" discourse, power and ideology, discourse on how to construct the social reality in ideology, social identity and belief system.
Critical discourse analysis from the British linguist R. Fowler in 1979 in "language and control" a book for the first time put forward, has already formed the research model, research camp in the field of multi-disciplinary perspective such as critical linguistics (CL), Van Dijk's social cognitive method (SCA), Ruth Wodak historical discourse analysis (DHA), Van Leeuwen (SAA) expression of social roles, the dialectical relationship between Norman Fairclough (DRA) method. Although the method is different, but the purpose is to study the relationship between language, power and ideology of.Fairclough (198919921995) pointed out that discourse is a social practice, as the ideology and power struggles in place, discourse and the construction of social reality, subjectivity, self, knowledge and belief, participate in and promote social change that.Fairclough CDA should not only reveal the relationship between language, power and ideology, but also illustrate the discourse in Contemporary The role of.Fairclough in social and cultural change has made him the representative of the Lancaster School of social change..Fairclough's theory and analytical framework have been widely applied to analyze the ideology of political discourse.
Based on the constructivism concept of enlightenment discourse Fairclough, proposes the necessity and feasibility of "anti-terrorism" discourse from social constructivism perspective. It points out that "terrorism", "9 / 11", "the power" and other social reality is the ideological discourse construction result. The former US President George Bush and President Obama the most representative of the "anti-terrorism" discourse of the dynamic social practice of multi angle critical analysis, construct use strategy and ideology function to reveal the president of the United States "anti-terrorism" discourse. The ideology involved in all aspects of the discourse of participation in social practice (Faircough, 1992a:48). The grammar from the lexical layer, layer, layer of discourse pragmatic perspectives, description and interpretation of "anti-terrorism" discourse use strategy and ideology construction process. At the lexical level of words, words again, metaphor, At the grammatical level, we discuss transitivity system, modality and mood; discuss cohesion in discourse level; at the pragmatic level, we discuss speech acts, (not polite), intertextuality (including discourse description, presupposition and utterance).
The main findings of this study are as follows:
The 1. aspect of theory, this paper points out that the features of the theory and problems in making detailed research based on CDA and Fairclough theory. Firstly, CDA combines linguistics and sociology, broaden the language research field. Because CDA is the language of social orientation, has the characteristics of interdisciplinary research, so the lack of model always unified in research methods. Secondly, CDA reveals the hidden ideology and power discourse inequality, the phenomenon of abuse of power, neglecting the study of substantive connotation construction of discourse dynamic society. Third, CDA representative Fairclough reiterated a constructivist view of discourse, but it is not fully reflected in his three-dimensional discourse interpretation and analysis in the framework of the constructivist view of discourse. This has not been fully understanding and interpretation. In this paper, the ideological discourse model and analysis framework, highlight the discourse, ideology and power etc. On the basis of this, it tries to analyze the construction function of "anti terrorism" discourse ideology on this basis.
The analysis of the 2. corpus is found as follows:
(1) from the lexical level, "anti-terrorism" discourse through vocabulary strategies, such as words, again lexicalization, overlexicalization expression, construction of "US / them" conflict framework, including the conflict of values, "the clash of Civilizations", "9 - 11 (before / after different world" "we" refers to the United States and the United States alliance, "they" refers to Laden and other terrorist organizations, etc.). The construction of the "World Police" and "law" social status and power status. In the translation of metaphor, the construction of "war framework", through concept mapping, World War II and the cold war as the source domain mapping. To the destination domain "9 - 11 incident", France as the source domain and target domain is mapped to the "9 / 11" attack, "9 / 11" construction of "9 - 11" war.
(2)浠庤��娉曞眰闈㈢湅,璇�娉曠瓥鐣�,濡

本文编号：1576280