汉语和西班牙语拒绝言语策略对比研究

发布时间：2018-03-08 07:44

本文选题：拒绝言语策略　切入点：礼貌　出处：《东北师范大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：拒绝言语行为我们在日常生活中经常会遇到。要得体地实施这种“威胁面子行为”，拒绝者往往会谨慎地采用各种策略，，使其言行更礼貌，尽可能地减少对对方面子的损害。汉语和西班牙语拒绝语策略在种类上存在着极高的相似性。然而，中国人和西班牙人在实施拒绝言语行为时，由于语言和文化背景的差异，往往会选用不同的拒绝策略，由此可能引起双方的迷惑和误解，导致交际不顺畅。以往对汉语拒绝言语行为的研究十分有限，而从汉语和西班牙语对比的角度进行的研究也尚无记录。本研究在对中国受试和西班牙受试进行语篇补全测试(DCT)的基础上，从表层和深层两方面描述和归纳了日常生活语境下两种语言针对请求言语行为的真实拒绝言语策略表现方式的异同，并对影响双方拒绝策略选择的主要因素进行了解释。参与问卷调查的受试共84人：其中汉语受试48人，西班牙语受试36人，男女各半。每份问卷设计了12个情景，让受试根据实际情况写出拒绝语。收回有效问卷84份，有效题目共1004道。实验数据用excel软件进行了统计和分析，得出以下结论：（1）汉语拒绝语和西班牙语拒绝语无论在表层形式策略上还是深层语用策略上都有着相似的分类。在表层形式上都采用了引语，并运用了相似的词汇和句法手段；在深层语用策略上两者都使用了直接拒绝和道歉、说明理由等13种间接策略（汉语在感谢策略上缺项）。（2）西班牙人使用直接拒绝策略的频率比中国人高。但总体来说，中国人和西班牙人在拒绝时都倾向于使用间接策略，且在不同情景下两者对策略的选择和组合模式都存在着差异。比如中国人最习惯用“道歉+理由/借口”的方式拒绝请求者；而西班牙人最习惯用“只说明理由/借口”或再加上“直接拒绝”的方式。中国人习惯在拒绝语中使用建议其他方案、商量、移情等多种策略试图弥补对方的面子；而西班牙人使用策略较单一，在拒绝策略的选用上毫“不枝蔓”。同样是“说明理由”，西班牙人多谈及自身的感受或利益，中国人则更侧重为对方考虑。（3）中西拒绝者都对好友的礼貌程度最高，其次是陌生人、同事，最后是亲人。社会距离因素和请求行为的难易程度对西班牙人影响显著，对中国人的影响不明显。社会地位是中国人实施拒绝言语行为时最重要的考虑因素。中国人更注重维护位高者的面子。情感因素对西班牙人和中国人拒绝策略的选择都产生了重要的影响。人们对待喜欢的人比厌恶的人更礼貌。性别因素的影响主要体现在女性比男性更有礼貌，使用策略的种类和频数都比男性多。我们还发现，女人比男人更重视亲人、更关心地位低的人和陌生人，而男人比女人更重视朋友和同事关系的维护。本文参考的理论框架包括言语行为理论、合作原则、礼貌原则和面子理论。我们希望本文的研究结果能为今后汉语拒绝言语行为的研究、对外汉语教学及跨文化交际提供一些帮助。
[Abstract]:The speech act of refusal we often encounter in their daily lives. The appropriate implementation of this "face threatening act", to tend carefully using a variety of strategies to make it more polite words and deeds, as far as possible to reduce the damage to the other face. Chinese and Spanish refusal strategy exists high similarity in species however, Chinese and Spaniards in the implementation of the speech act of refusal, due to the differences in language and culture background, often can choose different refusal strategies, which may cause the confusion and misunderstanding in communication is not smooth. The previous researches on Chinese refusal speech act is very limited, and research from the comparison of Chinese and Spanish the angle of no record.
On the China subjects and Spanish subjects of discourse completion test (DCT) on the basis of the description and summed up two kinds of language in the context of daily life in the speech act of request real speech strategy style refused to similarities and differences from the two aspects of surface and deep, and the main factors affecting both sides refused to choose strategy for the explanation of the subjects involved in the survey. A total of 84 people including 48 subjects: Chinese, Spanish subjects 36 people, half male and half female. Each questionnaire designed 12 scenarios and were asked to write refusals according to the actual situation. To recover the 84 valid questionnaires, a total of 1004 valid items of experimental data. Statistical analysis was conducted using Excel software, draw the following conclusions:
(1) Chinese refusal and Spanish refusal in surface form strategies or deep pragmatic strategies are similar. The classification of speech are used in surface form, and uses a similar lexical and syntactic means; pragmatic strategies in the deep on both direct and refused to apologize, explain the reasons for 13 kinds of indirect strategies (in Chinese for lack of strategy).
(2) the use of direct refusal strategies than high frequency Chinese. But generally speaking, Chinese and Spanish to tend to use indirect strategy, and both in different scenarios of strategy selection and combination mode are different. For example, Chinese most idiomatic "apology + excuse" the way to reject the request; and the Spaniards used "only the reasons / excuses or" plus "direct refusal". Chinese used to suggest other options, in the refusal in the discussion, empathy, various strategies such as trying to make up for each other's face; and the Spanish strategy is single, in refusal strategies use the "branches". It is also the "explanation", the more talked about their own feelings or interests, Chinese is more focused on consideration for each other.
(3) to all friends of the Western Politeness degree is the highest, followed by strangers, colleagues, relatives finally. Effects of the degree of difficulty of social distance factors and requests about Spaniards significantly influence on the Chinese is not obvious. The social status is the most important consideration Chinese implementation of refusal speech act. Chinese people pay more attention to the maintenance of a high face. Emotional factors have significant impact on the Spanish and Chinese refusal strategy choice. People treat love people more polite than hated people. Gender influence is mainly reflected in women than men with type and frequency more polite strategies are more than men we also found that women pay more attention to family than men, are more concerned about the low status of people and strangers, and more men than women attaches great importance to the protection of friends and colleagues.
The theoretical framework of this paper includes speech act theory, cooperative principle, politeness principle and face theory. We hope that the results of this study can provide some help for the future research of Chinese refusal speech act, teaching Chinese as a foreign language and intercultural communication.

【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H13;H34

【参考文献】