从预设角度分析赵本山小品中的幽默

发布时间：2018-03-31 13:00

本文选题：幽默　切入点：预设　出处：《辽宁大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：幽默是人类特有的一种语言能力，是语言智慧的集中体现。国内外许多学者，包括哲学家和语言学家，都对幽默进行了一定研究，并提出了自己观点。优越论、松弛论和乖讹论是西方传统幽默理论，但是优越论、松弛论并不能解释所有的幽默现象，从心理学出发的乖讹论，强调幽默形成的认知因素，正在成为一种主导理论。赵本山的小品无论在春节联欢晚会还是日常节目中，都广受欢迎，他的小品几乎成为中央台和地方台重要庆祝晚会中不可缺少的一部分。赵本山充分利用汉语语言的特点，尤其是东北方言，创制出他的独特幽默形式，被人们誉为“赵式幽默”。“赵式幽默”无论是表达形式还是内容上都紧贴群众生活，尤其是乡村生活，幽默中不失思考，玩笑中不失严肃，因而得到观众的广泛认可。文章通过对赵本山小品文本的深入分析，发现预设是他的小品中构制幽默的重要工具。本文由导论、正文和结论三个部分组成。主要的组织结构和内容如下：第一部分是导论。介绍不同学者对幽默的认识，包括幽默在韦伯斯特词典中的定义和林语堂、帕默等人的观点，之后是赵本山小品的概括介绍。被誉为“小品王”的赵本山充分利用汉语的特点，创制出“赵式幽默”，“赵式幽默”基本上遵循Mervis和Johnson在1997年提出的幽默一般模式。第二部分是正文，包括四章。第一章是理论基础回顾。主要包括对幽默的研究和对预设相关理论的理解两大部分。第一部分包括不同学者对幽默的定义和传统幽默理论介绍。第二部分主要包括预设触发语的类型，一些学者如Verschueren、Levinson和He Ziran给预设触发语的分类等，同时在必要时给出相应的例证。第二章是基于四种预设操作的赵本山小品中幽默的分析。中国小品被视为中国社会和文化的缩影，作为一种历史悠久的传统艺术形式，中国小品有其不同于其他艺术形式的特点。文章分析指出中国小品的特点之后，根据预设操作的四种类型对赵本山小品进行了分析，四种预设操作包括预设撤销、预设保留、冲突预设和虚假预设。关于预设撤销，一定的语言结构可以产生预设，但是背景信息、特定语境和言语内容与之前预设的相斥会导致预设消失，这就是预设的可撤消性。一般来说，预设撤消是受某些语境因素的影响。在一定程度上，可以说预设撤销与预设保留相反。预设保留是指预设可以在一句话的否定句及包含事实谓词的表达中得以保存。当正常的言语交际遭遇了社交障碍或者陷入尴尬的局面，说话人往往会重新组织语言结构，但是重新组织后的表达却保留了原句中的预设，也就是引起社交障碍的那一部分，这就使重新组织的句子的意义和真实意义之间出现了不一致。虚假预设是预设在具体交际中衍生出来的和一般预设不相同的超常操作。它不同于普通预设的超常之处在于说话者把非交际双方共有的知识作为预设信息。从其制造幽默的表现形式来看，一种是利用隐含的虚假背景知识产生幽默，另外一种是在言语交际时把虚假信息作为后面言语的预设信息而制造幽默。冲突预设和虚假预设的区别在于，前者是说话者故意制造的，而后者是说话者无意识完成的。第三章从另外一个角度，对赵本山小品中预设引起的幽默进行了详细分析。首先阐释了中国小品中的冲突（不一致），，随后基于乖讹论的预设分析主要包括预设与常识冲突，预设与实际情况冲突以及基于预设产生冲突的原因。预设与常识冲突是指在一些条件下，由于谈话双方在常识或一般知识上认识的不同，一名说话者违背了另一名说话者的真实意图。其次，预设与实际情况冲突是指说话者原有话语的预设与实际情况的不一致而引起的冲突。文章进而探讨预设产生冲突或不一致的原因，大致分为以下几点，会话参与者的思维模式、对相关信息的疏知、语言的模糊性和说话者的特殊意图。第四章论述赵本山小品的内涵及启示。包括两大部分，“赵式幽默”的内涵和帮助观众更好理解“赵式幽默”的策略。事实上，对“赵式幽默”内涵的概括并非易事，因为“赵式幽默”内涵丰富，制造幽默的手法十分灵活，但是已经被人们认同的是“赵式幽默”紧贴群众生活，尤其是农民生活，其与众不同的幽默风格体现在对一些典型方言的运用，尤其是东北方言。蔑视他人和自我贬低是成就“赵式幽默”的十分有效的两种方法。蔑视他人是指小品中一名演员通过揭发、嘲笑其他演员的缺点，突出自己的优点而产生的幽默；自我贬低是指一名演员通过自嘲而产生的幽默。关于更好理解“赵式幽默”的策略，文章指出由于生活环境和文化背景的不同，有时候精心安排的幽默并不能赢来某些观众的笑声。因此，为了便于观众更好地理解“赵式幽默”，文中给出了一些策略。这些策略是按照对预设操作的两个属性，即预设不同的推理过程和特定表达产生的特定预设而提出的。基于这两种情况观众产生的误解需要分别加以解决，解决前一种情况，可以采用添加提示性词语来引导观众产生预期预设；解决后一种情况，可以采用在字幕中给特定词语加上解释的方法。最后一部分是结论，在对文章内容概括和总结的基础上，点出主旨。本文通过大量例子的分析，旨在从预设角度探析赵本山小品中幽默的形成机制。尽管赵本山的小品在观众中广受欢迎，从预设角度进行的较全面的分析的文章并不多见。本文从两个不同角度分别对研究对象进行了系统的分析，即预设操作的四种类型和基于乖讹论（冲突）的预设分析，每一部均配有相关例证和说明。希望本文能够在一定程度上对赵本山小品中的幽默机制进行相对深刻的分析，得出幽默形成的根本原因，同时加深对汉语的特色的认识，尤其是对东北方言的了解。
[Abstract]:Humour is a kind of language competence peculiar to human being the central manifestation of language wisdom . Many scholars at home and abroad , including philosophers and linguist , have carried out a certain study on humor , and put forward his own views .

Zhao Benshan made full use of the characteristics of Chinese language , especially the northeast dialect , to make full use of the characteristics of Chinese language , especially the northeast dialect , to create his unique humorous form .

This paper consists of three parts : Introduction , text and conclusion . The main organizational structure and content are as follows :

The first part introduces different scholars ' understanding of humor , including the definition of humor in Webster ' s dictionary , Lin Yutang and Palmer et al .

The second part is the text , including four chapters .

Chapter One is a review of the theoretical foundation . It mainly includes the study of humor and the understanding of the pre - set theory of humor . The first part includes the definition of humor and the introduction of the traditional humor theory . The second part mainly includes the type of the preset trigger , some scholars such as Verschueren , Levator and He / an give the classification of the preset trigger , and give corresponding examples when necessary .

The second chapter is based on the analysis of humor in Zhao Benshan ' s small products based on four preset operations . Chinese small products are regarded as the miniature of Chinese society and culture . As a traditional art form with a long history , Chinese small products have the characteristics different from other art forms . After analyzing the characteristics of Chinese small products , Zhao Benshan millet is analyzed according to four types of preset operation . Four preset operations include preset revocation , preset reservation , conflict preset and false preset .

In general , the preset withdrawal is influenced by certain contextual factors . In general , the preset withdrawal is influenced by certain contextual factors . In general , the preset revocation is influenced by certain contextual factors . In general , the preset withdrawal is influenced by certain contextual factors . When the normal verbal communication encounters social barriers or falls into awkward situations , the speaker tends to reorganize the language structure . However , the reorganisation expression retains the pre - set in the original sentence , which is part of the social barrier , which makes the meaning and the real meaning of the re - organized sentence inconsistent .

The false presupposition is the unusual operation which is derived from the specific communication and is not the same as that of the general preset . It is different from that of the ordinary preset , in that the speaker uses the knowledge shared by the non - communicative parties as the preset information . In the form of humor , the other is to make humor by using the hidden false background knowledge . The difference between the conflict preset and the false preset lies in that the former is intentionally made by the speaker , and the latter is unconscious by the speaker .

In chapter 3 , the humor in Zhao Benshan ' s small article is analyzed in detail from the other angle . Firstly , the conflicts in Chinese small products ( inconsistent ) are explained , and then the pre - set analysis based on the theory of good error mainly includes the conflict of preset and common sense , the conflict between preset and actual situation and the cause of conflict based on the preset .

The conflict between the preset and common sense means that , under some conditions , one speaker violates the true intention of another speaker because of the differences between the two sides in common sense or general knowledge . Secondly , the conflict between the preset and the actual situation refers to the conflict caused by the inconsistency between the preset and the actual situation of the speaker ' s original utterance . The article further discusses the causes of conflict or inconsistency , which is roughly divided into the following points : the thinking mode of the conversation participants , the knowledge of the relevant information , the ambiguity of the language and the special intention of the speaker .

The fourth chapter discusses the connotation and inspiration of Zhao Benshan ' s small product . It includes two parts , the connotation of " Zhao style humor " and the strategy to help the audience understand the " Zhao style humor " better .

In fact , it is not easy to generalize the connotation of " Zhao style humor " because " Zhao style humor " is rich in connotation and the method of making humor is very flexible , but it has been accepted by people that " Zhao style humor " is close to the people ' s life , especially the northeast dialect .
Self - denigration refers to the humor produced by an actor through self - teasing .

This paper points out that , due to the differences of living environment and cultural background , some strategies are put forward in order to facilitate the audience to better understand " Zhao style humor " . Therefore , in order to facilitate the audience to better understand " Zhao style humor " , some strategies are put forward . These strategies are based on two attributes of preset operation , namely , presetting different reasoning process and specific preset generated by specific expression .
in that lat case , a method of adding an explanation to a particular word in the subtitle may be employed .

The last part is the conclusion that , based on the summary and summary of the contents of the article , the author points out the main idea . In this paper , through the analysis of a large number of examples , it is intended to analyze the formation mechanism of humor in Zhao Benshan ' s small product from the preset angle .

【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H13

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