现代汉语单音节制作义动词研究

发布时间：2018-04-03 11:11

本文选题：制作义动词　切入点：句法特点　出处：《吉林大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：汉语理论语法研究和对外汉语教学的实际应用都对动词小类的研究提出了要求。现代汉语制作义动词是一个比较特殊的类别,这类动词的语义框架所蕴含的语义成分及各个语义成分的句法实现等和一般的动词有所区别,表现出其特殊的地方。以往对制作义动词的研究基本停留于某一个角度或者某一个方面,尚不具备系统性和全面性,还有很多值得探索的地方。本文以现代汉语单音节制作义动词为研究对象,设置一定的句法-语义鉴定格式,在前人研究的基础上对制作义动词进行狭义的界定,对其句法特点和语义特征进行描写,对其构成的句式类型进行分析,并运用各种语言学理论对相关一些现象给予说明,同时对制作义动词构成的一些同义句式进行研究,解释制作义动词在相关同义句式中的不对称现象。全文分为七章,具体内容如下：第一章绪论第二章制作义动词的界定及其句法特点分析首先指出制作义动词需要同时满足两个鉴定式的要求,即鉴定格式I“Np1施事+用+Np2工具+把+Np3材料+V+成+了+Np4成事”和Ⅱ“Np1施事+V+了+数量词组+Np2成事”。进而指出句法-语义鉴定式设置的原因,对鉴定式中相关语义成分和句法格式给予说明,在此基础上确定我们研究的制作义动词的范围；其次说明制作义动词的句法特点：制作义动词同时能够满足两个句法-语义鉴定式的要求,带宾语时与加工义动词相比表现出了不同,所带的成事宾语与同形的典型受事宾语也存在着差别。第三章制作义动词的语义特征分析制作义动词的语义特征分为词汇语义特征和语法语义特征。词汇语义特征的概括和描写从几个方面展开：一是根据制作义动词的词典释义分析动词表示的动作是否属于具体动作,归纳出[+具体动作]和[一具体动作]一对相对立的语义特征；二是根据动作过程看成事的使成方式,归纳出[+使从无到有出现]、[+使从旧性质转成新性质]、[+使从旧状态转成新状态]三个相对立的语义特征；三是根据制作义动词的语义框架蕴含的工具要素是否单一,归纳出[+单一工具]和[-单一工具]一对相对立的语义特征。按照制作义动词的词汇语义特征的不同,可以对制作义动词进行再分类。比如根据[±单一工具]的语义特征可以分为相对应的“专一工具制作义动词”和“多工具制作义动词”。分类的结果有助于教学领域倡导的“利用义类进行对外汉语词汇教学”设想的实现。制作义动词的语法语义特征在特定的句法格式中得出,即“V+在+NpL+Np"等相关格式和“Np+在+NpL+V+着”。通过变换的方法分别得出[±位置义]、[±附着义]、[±状态持续]等语义特征。第四章制作义动词可形成的句式类型包括施事主语句、主谓谓语句和无标记被动句。施事主语句包括：Np施+Vp+Np成、Np施+Np凭+Vp+Np成、Np施+Np凭1+Np凭2+Vp+Np成；主谓谓语句,即“Np材+Np施+Vp+Np成”；无标记被动句,即“Np成+V+A+了”。分析“Np成+V+A+了”成立的原因,说明“Np成+V十A+了”表示主观预期实现的条件,解释“Np成+V+得+都+A+了”不成立的原因。在这一章本文也分析与制作义动词有着密切联系的加工义动词可形成的而制作义动词不能形成的句式,即受事宾语句V+Np受、工具宾语句V+Np工、方式宾语句V+Np方。通过与加工义动词的这种比较,可以更加凸显制作义动词带宾语在形成句式时的特点。第五章制作义动词构成的一些同义句式考察包括通过句式变换形成的同义句式和由于语序不同形成的同义句式。在分析通过句式变换形成的同义句式时,主要考察Np施事+Vp+Np成事及其同义句式的语义差别和如何根据语境选择不同的句式,因为它们在话题义、焦点义、情感义和风格义等方面存在着差异。这些差异的存在决定了它们具有各自不同的表达作用,在具体的语境中应该根据不同句式的表达作用进行句式的选择。在分析由于语序不同形成的同义句式时,主要考察制作义动词形成的形容词指宾定语句和指宾状语句。两种句式在句式义和句子焦点方面存在着不同,在两种句式中形容词所体现的预期度也不同。考察的另外一种同义句式是制作义动词形成的同命题“了”字句。从语用的角度对制作义动词构成的同命题“了”字句的选择是：“了2”句和“了1了2”句倾向于报事,“了1”句则倾向于叙事。第六章制作义动词在相关同义句式中的不对称表现包括制作义动词在形容词指宾定语句和指宾状语句中的不对称表现,制作义动词带不同补语在主动句和被字句中的不对称表现。制作义动词能形成的指宾状语句之所以成立受到一些因素的驱动,包括语言的主观性、时间顺序原则、“移情”等因素。指宾定位形容词由于受到移位条件的制约,使得制作义动词不能形成相应一些指宾状语句。关于制作义动词带不同补语在主动句和被字句中的不对称表现,主要运用概念结构的理论对制作义动词带不同补语在主动句和被字句中的不对称表现进行解释说明。第七章结语总结全文,指出文章写作的不足和尚待继续深入研究的问题。
[Abstract]:The research on the grammar of Chinese theory and the practical application of Chinese teaching in the outside world have put forward the demand for the study of verbs . Modern Chinese make sense verbs are a comparatively special category . The semantic framework of this type of verbs is different from that of common verbs , and shows its special place . In the past , the research on making semantic verbs is not systematic and comprehensive , but there are many places worth exploring .

On the basis of the former research , this paper describes the syntactic and semantic features of the semantic verbs , analyses the syntactic and semantic features of the semantic verbs , and makes a study on some phenomena related to the formation of the semantic verbs , and explains the asymmetric phenomena of making the semantic verbs in the relevant synonymous sentences .

The full text is divided into seven chapters , the concrete contents are as follows :

Chapter 1 Introduction

The second chapter defines the definition of semantic verbs and their syntactic characteristics . First , it points out that making the semantic verb needs to satisfy the requirements of two authentication types , namely , identifying the format I " Np1 donor + using the + Np2 tool + + Np3 material + V + + + quantity of phrase + Np2 .
Secondly , it illustrates the syntactic characteristics of making semantic verbs : making semantic verbs can satisfy the requirements of two syntactic - semantic authentication types .

In the third chapter , the semantic features of semantic verbs are analyzed and the semantic features of semantic verbs are classified into lexical semantic features and grammatical semantic features .

The generalization and description of lexical semantic features from several aspects : Firstly , according to the definition of the semantic verb , whether the action of the verb belongs to the concrete action or not , induces the semantic feature of a pair of relative standing of the specific action of the verb + and the concrete action of the verb ;
Second , according to the process of action as the making way , it is concluded that there are three opposite semantic features from the old state to the new state .
Thirdly , according to whether the tool elements contained in the semantic framework of the semantic verbs are single , the semantic features of a pair of opposite vertical semantic features are summarized .

According to the semantic features of the lexical semantic features of the semantic verbs , the semantic features of the semantic verbs can be re - classified . For example , according to the semantic features of the semantic features of the semantic verbs , the semantic features of the semantic verbs can be classified into corresponding " special tool - making verbs " and " multi - tool - making verbs " . The results of the classification can help the teaching field advocate the realization of " using the meaning class for the teaching of Chinese vocabulary to the outside world " .

The semantic features of the grammatical semantic features of the semantic verbs are derived from the specific syntax format , that is , " V + in + NpL + np " and " NP + in + NpL + V + " .

In the fourth chapter , the sentence types that can be formed by making the semantic verbs include the subject sentence , the predicate predicate and the passive passive sentence . The main statements include : np + Vp + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np
predicate predicate , i.e . " np + np + vp + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np + np +
In this paper , the reasons for the establishment of " np + V + A + " are analyzed , and the reasons for the establishment of " np + V + A + A + " are analyzed , and the reasons for " np + V + A + A + A + A + " are explained .

In this chapter , the author also analyses the sentence patterns which can be formed by processing the semantic verbs which are closely related to the production of the semantic verbs , namely , the sentence V + np of the subject object , the sentence V of the tool object and the sentence V of the object . By comparison with the processed verbs , it is possible to highlight the characteristics of the object - making verbs in the formation of sentence patterns .

In the fifth chapter , some syntactical studies of the formation of semantic verbs include the synonymous sentences formed by syntactic transformation and the syntactical sentence patterns formed by different languages .

On the basis of the analysis of the synonymous sentence patterns formed by the sentence transformation , we mainly study the semantic differences between NP + Vp + np and their synonymous sentences and how to choose different sentences according to the context . The existence of these differences determines that they have different expression effects , and should be selected according to the expression of different periods in the specific context .

In the analysis of the syntactical sentence patterns formed in different languages , it is mainly used to investigate the adjective meaning and the object - like sentence formed by making the semantic verbs . The two sentences are different in terms of sentence meaning and sentence focus . The other synonymous sentences are the same proposition of forming the semantic verbs . The other synonyms of the sentence are : " 2 " and " 1 2 " tend to report things , and the " 1 " sentence tends to be narrative .

In the sixth chapter , the asymmetric representation of the semantic verbs in the relevant synonymous sentences includes the asymmetric representation of the semantic verbs in the adjective - defined and bin - like statements , and the asymmetric representation of the semantic verbs in the active sentence and the sentence .

The meaning of the verb can be formed by some factors , including the subjectivity of the language , the principle of time sequence , the " empathy " and so on .

In this paper , the asymmetric expression of the different complement in the active sentence and the word sentence with different complement is explained by the theory of the concept structure , and the asymmetric expression of the different complement in the active sentence and the sentence is explained by the theory of the concept structure .

Chapter 7 summarizes the summary of concluding remarks , points out the deficiency of writing and the problems to be further studied .

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H146

【参考文献】