《论语》“者”字研究

发布时间：2018-04-27 17:05

本文选题：者 + 《论语》　；参考：《华中科技大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：在古汉语中，“者”是十分重要也十分活跃的虚词之一，它产生于西周晚期和春秋时代，在口语中出现的频率很高。其多变灵活的用法令学者众说纷纭，首先在词类归属方面，一直在代词、助词和语气词中纠缠不清，在功能上多被认为在“名+者”后表自指，在“谓+者”后表转指。“者”的词性和功能难以统一，本文从词性和功能两方面对“者”进行了讨论，认为“者”是具有停顿功能的语气词。在《论语》的219例“者”中，“名+者”有28例，“谓+者”有191例，“谓+者”又可从“形+者”、“谓+者”、“句子+者”三方面来分析，此外还讨论了一些特殊的“者”字结构，如“有……者”、“所……者”，以及复合语气词“者也”、“也者”。通过对《论语》中所有“者”字分析，“者”字在句中出现的位置自由，既可是单一的词后面，如“仁者”、“杖者”，也可是或长或短的短语后面，如“知德者鲜矣”、“屏气似不息者”，，也有句子或分句，如“鲁无君子者”、“不逆诈，不Q不信，抑亦先觉者，是贤乎”等等，足见其复杂性。不管“者”字结构出现在句中什么位置，在句中担任什么角色，“者”都应视为单一的词素，具有语气词的性质，在句中可对“者”前的成分强调，对“者”后的成分提示，也可补足音节，在句中的具体作用依句子结构或句意所定，但都可表停顿，一定程度舒缓节奏。在语义上表达或加深说话人的语气和态度。
[Abstract]:In ancient Chinese, "person" is one of the most important and active function words, which originated in the late Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn period. The changeable and flexible use of it makes scholars have different opinions. First of all, they have been tangled in pronouns, auxiliaries and mood words in terms of part of speech attribution. In function, they are considered to refer to themselves after "name" and to "predicate" after "predicate". It is difficult to unify part of speech and function of "person". This paper discusses "person" in terms of part of speech and function, and holds that "person" is a modal word with pause function. Among the 219 cases of the Analects of Confucius, there are 28 cases of "famous", 191 cases of "predicate" and "predicate" can be analyzed from three aspects: "form", "predicate" and "sentence person". In addition, some special structures of "person", such as "yes", are also discussed. The As well as the compound modal words "also", "also", "also". Through the analysis of all the words "person" in the Analects of Confucius, it is found that the word "person" appears freely in the sentence, either after a single word, such as "benevolent person", "stick person", or after a long or short phrase, such as "one who knows virtue is rare", There are also sentences or clauses, such as "A man without a gentleman", "not treacherous, not believing in Q", and so on. This shows its complexity. No matter where the word "person" appears in the sentence and what role it plays in the sentence, the "person" should be regarded as a single morpheme with the nature of the mood word. Can also complement syllables, the specific role in the sentence depending on the sentence structure or the meaning of the sentence, but can both stop, to some extent ease the rhythm. Express or deepen the tone and attitude of the speaker semantically.
【学位授予单位】：华中科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H141

【参考文献】