现代汉语增量与减量构式研究

发布时间：2018-05-04 10:02

本文选题：增量 + 减量　；参考：《吉林大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：量范畴研究是近年来汉语语法研究的一个热点。通过对以往研究的总结，我们发现以往对增量、减量的讨论不多，而且对某些格式的增量减量的判断结果会略有差异，究其原因是并未对增量、减量做出明确的界定。因而我们觉得作为量范畴的次类范畴——增量、减量是亟待深入探讨的课题。全文共分6章。第1章是绪论。从提出具体问题入手，主要介绍了研究对象、研究意义、研究内容及章节安排、背景理论与研究方法、量范畴研究综述、语料来源与符号说明等。第2章是理论构建部分。首先在综述前人涉及到的增量减量的研究基础上，借鉴各学科的整合概念及语言学领域中的构式整合概念，提出“量的整合”概念。指出量的整合具备三个基本要素：参与项、过程、结果。参与项是蕴含量性特征的语言元素，包括实体、算子和组织形式。算子和关系赋予算法，表明实体之间的关系；实体参与计算，直接负载量的意义。量整合的过程是一个结构体联合、功能相协作、因素互调整的过程，包括量类的整合与量值的整合。其次，指出语言中的增量、减量需要从计量基点、计量层次、计量方向、计量长度、计量值域等几方面加以界定。构建了判定增量、减量的意义标准的理论模型。讨论了判定增量减量的形式标准：从量的算子看，一般具有表小意义、低量意义、否定意义、限定意义的算子可以看成减量标志，而具有表大意义、高量意义、肯定意义的算子可以看成增量标志；从量的组织形式看，排比、对举、递进、重复、语序对调等组织形式都可能造成增量。最后，讨论了增量减量与大量小量的关系。指出增量、减量是量的生成，量的计算过程，是受说话人意图驱动的，是动态的；大量、小量是量的取值，是量值结果，是静态的。从增量减量所造成的结果的角度看，增量减量与大量小量之间并不存在对应关系。第3章至第5章是个案研究部分。第3章“小+谓词性X”结构的量性考察。首先按照谓词性X的不同以及格式出现早晚对“小+谓词性X”进行分类：传统用法小+V单、小V1小V2、小+有+N，以及新兴用法小+V双、小+A。指出小F+V双、小F+A组合是受到形容词性“小”组合模式“小A+N/A”的类推影响，而其结构体的语法功能又类推了“小F+V单”的语法功能。其次讨论了“小”的性质及词类归属，认为格式中的“小”虽然是程度副词，但仍处于进一步虚化的阶段，在某些小类用法中已经表现出了一定的情态评注功能。再次，，分析了“小+谓词性X”系列格式的主观性差别及量的整合问题。指出“小+V”属于相对客观的表达，当V为单音节言谈类动词时，“小+V”具有较强的主观性，同时具有交互主观性作用；“小V1小V2”的计量基点在“小V”的量，因此受到框架叠加的影响“小V1小V2”表达的是正值负向增量，具有一定的主观性；“小+有+N”主观性高，侧重于元语减量，其中“小+有+褒义N”的量值结果仍浮动在相对客观大量区间，“小+有+贬义N”的量值浮动在相对小量区间。“小+A”中，A既可以是性质形容词，也可以是状态形容词，这种组合形式受到说话人语用表达需求的驱动，其主观性程度最高，整合后的量值区间最不稳定，可以趋大可以趋小。第4章“没A没B”格式的量性考察。首先探讨了格式中“没”的性质，认为进入格式的成分大部分是压缩得来的，很多谓词性成分都可还原成名词，具有强烈的指称性功能，“没”倾向于看成动词。其次，指出框架“没……没……”具有形式填充及压缩作用，由于A、B可以来源于不同词语的压缩，因而“没A没B”具有语义歧解性，需在具体语境中消除。框架的量性作用在于负向增量。再次，根据A、B的语义关系区分出“没A没B”内部成员的表量特征：当A、B为同义或近义关系时，整个格式的量是程度增量；A、B为类义关系时，整个格式的量是范围或层级增量；A、B为反义关系时，整个格式的量又分为两种情况：表示“既没A、也没B，非此非彼”的意义时整个格式的量表现为中和语用增量；表示“不区分，不区别”意义时整个格式的量是异态偏向增量。文章还尝试对各类型的量值结果进行了形式化总结。第5章“有点+太+A”格式的量性考察。首先将量整合的参与项区分为减量算子“有点”和表超量的实体“太+A”。其次，根据A构成成员的不同，探讨了“有点”与“太+A”在量类及量值方面的整合。指出“太+A中性义”表客观超量时，“有点”是对其客观超量的减量，是客观世界量层面的减量；“太+A中性义”表主观超量时，有点”对它的减量是介于语言本身量层面和客观世界量层面之间的减量；当“太+A褒”为积极超量时，“有点”的减量作用介于语言本身量层面和客观世界量层面之间，当“太+A褒”为消极超量时，“有点”的减量作用处于语言本身量层面；“太+A贬”的超量是消极量，“有点”的减量作用处于语言本身量层面，属于纯粹的元语言减量。经过“有点”减量的作用，无论“太+A”是客观量还是积极量，其结果量值都浮动于高量值区间，而对于消极量来说，其结果量值不变，仍属极量区域。最后，探讨了与“有点+太+A”类似的其他程度副词与“有点”结合的情况，指出在双程度词组合中“有点”的计量层次由客观世界量层次发展到语言本身量层次，并从共时角度粗略地归纳了从词组“有一点”到副词“有点”的计量层次的虚化迁移路径。第6章总结了全文在前人的基础上做了哪些工作，得出哪些基本结论，有哪些创新及不足，指出了今后需要深入研究的问题。
[Abstract]:The research of quantity category is one of the hot topics in Chinese grammar research in recent years . Through summing up previous studies , we find that there is little discussion on increment and decrement , and there is a slight difference in the judgment result of increment decrement in some formats .
The full text is divided into six chapters .
Chapter 1 is an introduction . Starting with the specific problems , this paper mainly introduces the research object , the research significance , the research content and the chapter arrangement , the background theory and the research method , the research overview of quantity category , the source of corpus and the description of symbols .
Chapter 2 is a theoretical construct .
On the basis of summarizing the research on the increment decrement involved in the former , the concept of " quantity integration " is put forward by reference to the integration concept of each discipline and the structure - based integration concept in the field of linguistics . It is pointed out that the integration of quantity has three basic elements : participation item , process and result .
The process of integration of quantity is a process of joint , function and mutual adjustment of structure , including the integration of quantity class and quantity value .
Secondly , it is pointed out that the increment and decrement of the language need to be defined from several aspects such as the measurement base point , the measurement level , the measurement direction , the measurement length , the measurement range and so on .
In terms of the organization form of quantity , the organization forms such as the rejection , the lifting , the repetition , the tone of the order , etc . may cause the increment .
Finally , we discuss the relationship between incremental decrement and large amount of small quantity . It is pointed out that increment , decrement is the generation of quantity , the calculation process of quantity , is driven by the speaker ' s intention , is dynamic ;
A large quantity , small quantity is the value of quantity , is the measure result , is static . From the point of view of the result caused by the increment decrement , there is no corresponding relation between the increment decrement and the large amount of small amount .
Chapters 3 to 5 are case studies .
Chapter 3 : The quantitative investigation of the structure of " small + predicate X " .
Firstly , we classify the " small + predicate X " according to the difference of predicate X and its format : the traditional usage is small + V , the small V1 is V2 , the small + has + N , and the new usage is small + V double , small + A . It is pointed out that the small F + V dual , small F + A combination is influenced by the analogy of adjective " small " combined mode " small A + N / A " , and the grammatical function of its structure is similar to the grammatical function of " small F + V " .
Secondly , we discuss the nature of " small " and the attribution of words , think that " small " in the form is an auxiliary word of degree , but it is still in the stage of further blurring , which has shown a certain modal commentary function in some small - class usage .
Thirdly , we analyze the subjective difference and the integration of the format of " small + predicate X " series . It is pointed out that " small + V " is a relatively objective expression . When V is a single - syllable talking class verb , " small + V " has strong subjectivity , and has interactive subjectivity ;
The measurement base point of " small V1 small V2 " is in the quantity of " small V " , so the influence of the frame superimposition " small V1 small V2 " is positive and negative increment , which has certain subjectivity ;
" Small + has + N " subjectivity is high , focusing on the amount of meta - language , where " small + has + praise N " value is still floating in the relatively objective large interval , " small + has + demeaning N " value floating in the relative small amount interval . " Small + A " , A can be both a character adjective and a state adjective , this combination form is driven by the speaker ' s pragmatic expression demand , its subjective degree is highest , the integrated value interval is the most unstable , can become small .
Chapter 4 The amount of " No A No . B " format is investigated .
First , the nature of " no " in the format is discussed . It is believed that most of the components of the incoming format are compressed , and many predicate components can be reduced to nouns .
Secondly , it is pointed out that the frame " no . . " has the form of filling and compression , because A , B can be derived from the compression of different words , so " no A - B " has semantic ambiguity and needs to be eliminated in the concrete context .
Thirdly , according to the semantic relations of A and B , the table quantity characteristics of " A - B " internal members are distinguished : when A and B are synonymous or near - sense relationships , the amount of the entire format is the degree increment ;
When A , B is a class - defined relationship , the amount of the entire format is a range or a hierarchical increment ;
When A and B are antisense , the amount of the whole format is divided into two situations : " neither A nor B , but not " the whole format is expressed as medium and pragmatic increment ;
This paper also attempts to make a formal summary of the results of each type of measure .
In chapter 5 , " A little + too + A " format is examined in an amount .
First , the integration of the participating items is divided into the entity that the decrement operator is " a little " and the table superscalar " is too + A " .
Secondly , the integration of " a little " and " too + A " in quantity and quantity is discussed according to the composition of A .
When the subjective excess of the " Too + A Neutral " table , the amount of decrement is between the level of language itself and the objective world level ;
When " too + A - B " is positive , the amount of " a little " is between the level of language itself and the level of objective world . When " too + A - B " is negative , the amount of " a little " is at the level of language itself .
The amount of " Tai + A " is a negative quantity , and the amount of " a little " is at the level of language itself , and belongs to a pure amount of meta - language . After a " a little " amount of decrement , whether " too + A " is an objective quantity or a positive quantity , the result value is floating in the high - value interval , whereas for the negative quantity , the magnitude of the result remains unchanged , and still belongs to the polar region .
In the end , the author discusses the situation of " a little " combination with " a little + too + A " , and points out that the measurement level of " a little " in the double word combination is developed from the objective world level to the level of the language itself , and the virtual migration path from " one point " to " a little " in the word group is summed up from the common time angle .
Chapter 6 summarizes the work done on the basis of the former , and draws some basic conclusions , some innovations and shortcomings , and points out the problems that need to be further studied in the future .

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H146

【引证文献】