汉英“身物互喻”词汇对比研究

发布时间：2018-05-10 08:49

本文选题：身物互喻 + 汉英对比　；参考：《安徽大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：概念只能借助语言形式得以表达,词汇是概念最基本的表达形式。人类在认识外部世界的过程中,以自己的身体经验作为基础,不可避免的借用描述身体的词汇来描述世界,于是语言中便产生大量与人体相关的词汇。“以身喻物”词汇的生成正是人体词汇投射到外在世界的结果。随着人类认知水平和语言能力的不断提高,接触、了解和认识范围的不断扩大,掌握的概念也越来越多,人类逐步把对外部世界的认知类推到人类自身,用外界事物概念来命名和描述人体器官部位或指称具有某种特点、属性的人。于是语言系统中便产生很多以他物表人或人体特征的词汇。“以物喻身”词汇的生成正是外在世界的万事万物映射到人体域的结果。任何一种语言的特色都是在与别种语言的比较中显现出来。对比分析的目的是了解两种语言的共性特点和差异特点,为语言教学和跨文化交际服务。Halliday指出进行对比分析时应遵循两条基本原则,第一条是“先描写再对比”。第二条是“比较具体语言结构,而不是整个语言系统”。(转引自王立非：2000)没有任何一种理论能包罗万象,解释一切,只能对语言的具体项目和结构进行对比。本文从汉英语言系统中的词汇层面入手,在综合运用词汇学、认知语言学、对比语言学等相关学科的理论和研究成果的基础上,主要采用文献检索与分类结合法、对比研究法、描写与解释结合法、定性和定量分析结合法,以汉、英词汇系统中的“身物互喻”复合词、成语和惯用语为对象开展对比研究。全文共分五章。第一章为“绪论”。首先对本文涉及的“以身喻物”、“以物喻身”和“身物互喻”词汇相关概念进行界定,接着对“以身喻物”和“以物喻身”两方面的相关研究成果进行综述,最后对本选题的缘由、预期目标、理论基础、研究方法、语料来源进行了说明和交代。第二章为“汉英‘身物互喻’复合词对比研究”。本章首先对汉英复合词进行了界定,明确二者在各自词汇系统中的地位和作用。然后对“身物互喻”复合词进行了界定。在此基础上,对汉英词汇系统里的“身物互喻”复合词进行对比研究。先确定了五个人体器官部位(头、眼、口、手、脚)为比较对象,从汉英词典里进行了语料的收集,基于语料就汉英“以身喻物”复合词的生成模式进行观察和描写。再就汉英“以物喻身”复合词的生成情况,从动物、植物、服饰、其它物体为喻四个方面进行了观察和描写。在对“身物互喻”复合词进行观察描写后,对其共性特点和个性差异进行归纳和分析,结合相关理论和具体数据对汉英“身物互喻”复合词的异同给予相应的解释。最后根据以上研究分析的结果对本章做了一个提纲挈领的小结。第三章为“汉英‘身物互喻’成语对比研究”。本章首先结合权威词(辞)典和专家学者的观点对汉英成语概念进行界定,指出汉英成语在范围认定和表达形式上存在差异,并给出笔者自己的见解。在比较汉英成语定义基础上对“身物互喻”成语概念进行界定。在明确汉英“身物互喻”成语概念后对其开展对比研究。从人体器官部位名称中选择“头、脸、眼、手、心”为代表,分别就以这五个词为喻生成的成语进行观察和描写,对比分析以它们为喻的成语在汉语和英语中的具体表现,揭示它们表现出的相同性和差异性,从认知方式和文化因素等方面给予解释。关于汉英“以物喻身”成语的情况主要分析对比的是“以物喻人”情况。本章从四个方面就“以物喻人”成语的情况进行了分类描写,第一类是“动物喻人”成语。选择汉英语言中的“牛、马、狗、鼠、鱼、鸟”为代表,对汉英成语中动物喻人的成语形式进行对比分析,并就动物喻体在汉英语中使用的频率和语体色彩的差异给予了描写和解释。第二类是“植物喻人”成语。通过对汉英“植物喻人”成语的对比发现因汉英民族地理环境、生活方式等方面的不同,英语中以植物为喻表人的成语大多以蔬菜和水果为主,汉语以花、木为喻体构成表人的成语偏多。第三类是“服饰喻人”成语。因汉民族服饰制度的影响,汉语服饰分类细致,与人关系密切,生成的喻人成语在数量上和使用频率上远远高于英语。汉语与英语在服饰喻人成语的生成方式上比较接近,但喻体类型上差异比较明显,英语里基本上是以成衣的形式为喻,而汉语却涉及到服饰的多个方面,这是由不同的政治制度、历史文化等因素导致的。第四类是“其它物体喻人”的成语。主要以来自生产、生活相关领域的物体为喻构成表人的成语。因地理环境、生活方式、宗教信仰等因素的影响,在具体喻体的选择上表现出较大的差异。如以“食物喻体”为例,汉语中选择的是酒、肉、饭等,而英语中选择的是啤酒、奶酪、鸡蛋等。本章以具体语料为例,对汉英“身物互喻”成语进行充分描写,分析总结其共有规律和存在的差别,最后做出相应的理论解释。第四章为“汉英‘身物互喻’惯用语对比研究”。本章先是对汉英惯用语做出界定,指出汉语惯用语在形式上多以三字格式出现,并引用相关统计数据进行了论证。英语惯用语因形式上无明显标记,建议将语体因素纳入界定标准,对英语习语内的语言形式进行再分类。接着是对汉英“身物互喻”惯用语这一概念和本章的对比研究范围做出了界定。在此基础上对汉英“身物互喻”惯用语进行对比研究。从人体面部器官、人体四肢和人体内部器官三个角度入手,对汉英“以身喻物”惯用语进行了考察,通过分析对比,对汉英“以身喻物”惯用语构建的异同及其背后的原因给予相应的解释。在汉英“以物喻身”惯用语对比研究方面,仍然从动物喻人、植物喻人和其它事物喻人三个角度进行了对比分析。考察分析可知,惯用语喻体的选择明显受本族文化因素的制约,与汉英生产、生活方式联系密切,这给第二外语教学中惯用语理解和掌握造成一定的困难。第五章为“结语”。本章首先就本研究涉及的“身物互喻”词汇的映射模式进行归纳。其表现为双向互动的特征：一方面是从人体域映射于非人体域；另一方面是从非人体域映射于人体域。接着就汉英“身物互喻”复合词、成语和惯用语之间的对比情况进行总结。得出的基本结论是：在“以身喻物”的词汇生成过程中,汉英语表现出同大于异的特点；在“以物喻身”的词汇生成过程中,汉英语表现出异大于同的特点。隐喻思维和转喻思维是人类普遍存在的基本认知方式,但是民族文化特点和语言类型同样折射出汉英两民族语言词汇系统中语言和文化的不可分离性。“身物互喻”是人类与外在事物互动的产物,是汉英两个民族在认识自身的基础上,通过隐喻或转喻机制,经过各自语言文化的过滤,去认识世界和自身的结果,很自然地对世界万物和人类自身给予不完全相同的分割和处理。对比研究所得的相关结论在理论上对汉英“身物互喻”构词手段和生成方式体现出的共同特点和个性差异具有解释作用,在词汇习得、词汇教学、汉英互译实践、跨文化交际等语言实践方面具有指导作用,在汉英词典的编纂研究上具有一定的借鉴作用,这体现了本研究的价值所在。
[Abstract]:Concepts can only be expressed in the form of language. Vocabulary is the most basic form of expression. In the process of understanding the external world, human beings are based on their own physical experience and inevitably describe the world by describing the words of the body. So the language produces a large amount of human Related words. "Body metaphor" vocabulary The formation of the human vocabulary is the result of the projection of human words into the external world. With the continuous improvement of human cognitive level and language ability, contact, understanding and understanding are expanding, and more and more concepts are grasped. Human beings are gradually introducing the cognition of the external world to the human body, naming and describing the human body with the concept of external things. In the language system, there are many words in the language system that are characterized by human or human characteristics. The formation of "metaphorical body" is the result of the mapping of all things in the external world to the human body.
The characteristics of any language are shown in the comparison with other languages. The purpose of the comparative analysis is to understand the common features and differences of the two languages. The two basic principles should be followed for the comparative analysis of the language teaching and intercultural communication service.Halliday. The first is the "first description and then contrast". The second article is "the first description and the contrast". It is "a more specific language structure, not the whole language system". (transferred from Wang Lifei: 2000) there is no one theory that can be used to explain everything. It can only be compared to the specific items and structures of the language. From the lexical level in the Chinese and English language system, this paper uses lexicology, cognitive linguistics, and contrastive language in a comprehensive way. On the basis of the theory and research achievements of related subjects, the paper mainly uses the method of literature retrieval and classification, comparative study, the combination of description and interpretation, qualitative and quantitative analysis, and compares the compound words, idioms and idioms in Chinese and English vocabulary systems. The full text is divided into five chapters.
The first chapter is the introduction. First, it defines the concept of "body metaphor", "body metaphor" and "self metaphor of body and body", and then summarizes the research results of two aspects of "body metaphor" and "body metaphor". Finally, the reasons for the topic, the expected goal, the theoretical basis, the research method, and the language are made. The source of the material was explained and explained.
The second chapter is "the contrastive study of the compound words of Chinese and English body and thing." this chapter first defines the Chinese and English compound words, and defines the status and role of the two in their respective lexical systems. Then, the compound words of "physical and physical intermetonymy" are defined. On this basis, the compound words of "physical and physical intermetonymy" in Chinese and English vocabulary system are compared. First, five parts of the body (head, eye, mouth, hand, foot) were selected as the comparison object. The corpus was collected from Chinese English dictionary. Based on the corpus, the model of the formation of the compound word of "body metaphor" was observed and described. By observing and describing the four aspects of metaphor, after the observation and description of the compound words of "physical and physical intermetonymy", the common characteristics and individual differences are summed up and analyzed, and the similarities and differences between Chinese and English "physical and physical intermetonymy" are interpreted according to the relevant theories and specific data. The chapter made a brief summary.
The third chapter is "the contrastive study of the idiom of Chinese and English body and thing". This chapter first defines the concept of Chinese and English idioms with the views of authoritative words and experts and scholars, and points out that there are differences in the definition and expression of Chinese English idioms in terms of scope and expression, and gives the author's own views. The concept of "mutual metaphor" is defined. A contrastive study is carried out after the definition of the idiom of "self Metaphorical" in Chinese and English. From the name of the body organ, the "head, face, eye, hand, heart" are selected as the representative, and the idioms are observed and described with these five words as metaphor, and the idioms in Chinese and English are compared and analyzed. It reveals the similarities and differences, and explains the similarities and differences between them. The main analysis and contrast about the idioms of Chinese and English on the "metaphorical body" is "metaphorical people". The first category is classified and described from four aspects, the first category. "Cattle, horses, dogs, mice, fish and birds" in Chinese and English language is selected as the representative to compare and analyze the idiom forms of animal metaphor in Chinese and English idioms, and give a description and explanation of the frequency of the use of animal metaphor in Chinese and the difference of style color. The second category is the idiom of "plant figurative man". The comparison of Chinese and English "plant figurative" idioms shows that most of the idioms in English are mainly vegetable and fruit, with flowers and wood as metaphors in English. The third category is the idiom of "ornament and metonymy". Chinese costumes are closely related to people, and they are closely related to people. They are far higher than English in terms of the number and frequency of their use. Chinese and English are much closer to the generation of idioms in clothing, but the types of metonymy are quite distinct. English is basically a metaphor in the form of clothing, while Chinese is involved in many costumes. On the other hand, this is caused by different political systems, historical culture, and other factors. The fourth category is the idiom of "other objects". It has since been produced mainly from the production, the objects in the related fields form the idiom of the table. The influence of the geographical environment, the way of life, the religious belief, and so on, shows the larger choice of the specific metonymy. For example, taking "food metaphor" as an example, the choice of Chinese in Chinese is wine, meat, rice and so on, while the English choice is beer, cheese, egg and so on. This chapter, taking specific corpus as an example, gives a full description of the idioms of "self metonymy" in Chinese and English, analyzes and summarizes the common laws and differences between them, and finally makes the corresponding theoretical explanation.
The fourth chapter is a comparative study of Chinese and English idioms. This chapter first defines Chinese and English idioms, and points out that Chinese idioms appear in the form of three words, and the relevant statistical data are cited. The language form in the idiom is reclassified. Then, the definition of the Chinese and English idiom is defined and the comparative study of this chapter is defined. On the basis of this, the Chinese and English idioms are compared. From the three angles of the human body, the body limbs and the internal organs of the human body, the Chinese and English are studied. Through the analysis and comparison, the similarities and differences between the Chinese and English idioms of "body metaphor" and the reasons behind them are explained. In the comparative study of Chinese and English idioms, the comparison and analysis of the three angles of animal metaphor, plant metaphor and other things are still carried out. The analysis shows that the choice of the idiomatic metaphor is obviously restricted by the cultural factors of the family, and is closely related to the production of Chinese and English and the way of life. This causes some difficulties in the understanding and mastery of the idioms in the teaching of second foreign languages.
The fifth chapter is "conclusion". This chapter first summarizes the mapping patterns of "self Metaphorical" vocabulary involved in this study. It shows the characteristics of two-way interaction: on the one hand, it is mapped from the human domain to the non human domain; on the other hand, it is mapped from the non human domain to the human domain.
The basic conclusion is that in the process of the word formation of "body metaphor", Chinese and English show the same characteristics that are larger than differences; in the process of word formation, Chinese and English show different characteristics. Metonymy and metonymy thinking are the basic cognitive ways of human being, but the characteristics of national culture and language types also reflect the non separability of language and culture in the Chinese and English language vocabulary system of the two ethnic groups. "Self metaphor" is the product of the interaction between human and external things. It is the basis of the understanding of the two nationalities of Chinese and English. Through the metaphorical or metonymy mechanism, through the filtration of their own language and culture, to understand the world and its own results, it is natural that the world and the human beings are not completely divided and processed.
The relevant conclusions of the comparative study have an explanatory effect on the common characteristics and personality differences embodied in the means of word formation and the way of formation of the Chinese English "physical and physical intermetonymy" in theory. It has a guiding role in vocabulary acquisition, vocabulary teaching, Chinese English translation practice, intercultural communication and other language practice, and has a great effect on the compilation of Chinese English dictionary. A certain reference function reflects the value of this research.

【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H136;H313

【参考文献】