现代汉语疑问词“怎么”的语义分析

发布时间：2018-05-20 08:18

本文选题：怎么 + 现代汉语　；参考：《复旦大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：目前语法学界对现代汉语疑问句的研究已经取得了不少研究成果,其中包括对疑问句中疑问词的研究。尽管如此,在这些已有研究成果中,日常生活中常见的现代汉语疑问词“怎么”的研究却并不常见。虽然邵敬敏等学者在研究现代汉语疑问词的时候提到过“怎么”,但是对于留学生来说仅靠这些研究还是不能够让人满意。据我们所了解,现代汉语疑问词“怎么”,可以分析为疑问用法、非疑问用法和反问用法三种。疑问用法又主要分为询问方式和询问原因,除此之外,疑问用法还有存在于间接问句中的情况。根据我们的考察,间接问句有三种不同的格式：“怎么……都/也……”格式、“无论/不管/随/随便/任/任凭……怎么……”格式、“无论/不管……怎么……都/也/总/总是／还……”格式。“怎么”除了疑问用法之外,还有非疑问用法,并且非疑问用法并非是偶然的语法现象。据统计,在500万字的现代汉语语料中,使用“怎么”的实例有三千多条,其中65%的句子是不负载疑问信息的情况。既然非疑问用法使用如此广泛,那么疑问用法与非疑问用法都同样值得重视。本文认为非疑问用法可以分为不定代词用法和回指用法,其中不定代词用法又可以分为与“不知”、“不知道”、“不晓得”等连用和与“想”等心理动词连用的两种用法。接下来我们考察了现代汉语疑问词“怎么”的反问用法。反问用法可以分为：“(前提句),怎么+能愿动词+VP”格式、“VP”和“(前提句),怎么+VP”格式、“(前提句),怎么+副词+VP”格式、“(前提句),怎么+这么/这样+VP”格式。疑问用法、非疑问用法和反问用法这三种不同用法的“怎么”在日常用语中都非常常见,本文通过综述前人的研究成果和对疑问词“怎么”的分类,对日常用语中的常见例句进行具体分析,重新总结出了“怎么”的语法特点。本文最后还把现代汉语疑问词“怎么”在韩语中的表达方式进行了分析,从而得出了它们之间的异同。在分析过程中,我们主要分两步进行。第一步以韩国最为常用的高丽大学民族文化研究院的《中韩词典》为依托,分析出韩语当中使用现代汉语疑问词“怎么”的方法。第二步以第二章到第四章中所研究出的现代汉语疑问词“怎么”的语法特点为主要研究对象,分析出这些用法的“怎么”翻译成韩语后会产生的表达方式,然后与《中韩词典》中的“怎么”进行对比。从中我们发现了《中韩词典》中五种不存在的表达方式：“(?)”、(?)(?)”。通过这样的对比分析,更突出了汉语疑问词“怎么”的特点。希望我们的研究对学习或研究现代汉语疑问词“怎么”的问题能够有所帮助。
[Abstract]:At present, many achievements have been made in the study of interrogative sentences in modern Chinese, including the research on interrogative words in interrogative sentences. However, among the existing research results, the modern Chinese interrogative word "how" is not common in daily life. Although scholars such as Shao Jingmin have mentioned "how" when studying the interrogative words in modern Chinese, it is still not satisfactory for foreign students to rely on these studies. As far as we know, the interrogative word "how" in modern Chinese can be analyzed as interrogative usage, non-interrogative usage and counter-questioning usage. Interrogative usage is mainly divided into inquiry mode and inquiring reason. In addition, interrogative usage also exists in indirect question sentence. According to our investigation, indirect questions have three different formats: "how." All / also. " Format, "whatever / whatever." What? " Format, "regardless / regardless." What? All / and / or always / return. " Format. Besides interrogative usage, there is non-interrogative usage, and non-interrogative usage is not an accidental grammatical phenomenon. According to statistics, in 5 million words of modern Chinese corpus, there are more than three thousand examples of using "how to", of which 65% of sentences are not loaded with interrogative information. Since non-interrogative usage is so widely used, both interrogative usage and non-interrogative usage deserve attention. This paper holds that the use of non-interrogative pronouns can be divided into indefinite pronouns and anaphora usages, among which the use of indefinite pronouns can be divided into two kinds of usages: "not knowing", "not knowing" and "thinking" and so on. Then we examine the rhetorical usage of the interrogative word "how" in modern Chinese. The use of counter-questioning can be divided into: "(presupposition sentence, how can we wish verb VP" format, "VP" and "(premise sentence, how VP" format, "(premise sentence, how adverb VP" format "), How can you do this / so VP? The "how" of the three different usages of interrogative usage, non-interrogative usage and rhetorical usage are all very common in everyday language. This paper summarizes the previous research results and classifies the interrogative word "how". This paper makes a concrete analysis of the common examples of daily use, and summarizes the grammatical features of "how". In the end, the paper analyzes the expression of the interrogative word "how" in modern Chinese, and draws the similarities and differences between them. In the process of analysis, we mainly divided into two steps. The first step is based on the Korean Dictionary of China and Korea, which is the most commonly used Korean culture research institute of Korea University, and analyzes the method of using the question word "how" in Korean. In the second step, the grammatical characteristics of the interrogative word "how" in modern Chinese, which are studied in chapters two to four, are taken as the main objects of study, and the expressions of the "how" of these usage are analyzed when they are translated into Korean. And then compared with the "how" in the "Chinese and Korean Dictionary". We find five non-existent expressions in the Chinese-Korean Dictionary: "Li Li" ("Li Wei"). Through this kind of contrast analysis, has highlighted the Chinese interrogative word "how" the characteristic. It is hoped that our research will be helpful to the study of the question of "how" in modern Chinese.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H146

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