汉语极性体貌副词的临时极性特征和梯级逻辑

发布时间：2018-06-06 05:19

本文选题：体貌副词 + 极性敏感性　；参考：《复旦大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：本文研究汉语体貌副词的极性敏感特征,探寻汉语极性体貌副词(正极词和负极词)的临时极性特征以及造成这种临时极性特征的梯级逻辑,主要围绕“非持续类”体貌副词“已经”和“持续类”体貌副词“还”来讨论。词语的临时极性特征是指它们本来不为极性词语,但在不同的语境中表现出不同的极性特征。本文发现“非持续类”体貌副词与“持续类”体貌副词在[±持续性]两种情状中呈现出对立互补的极性分布特征,即“非持续类”体貌副词用于[-持续性]情状时呈现正极性分布,用于[+持续性]情状时呈现负极性分布；“持续类”体貌副词在[-持续性]情状中呈现负极性分布,在[+持续性]情状中则呈现正极性分布；而“量化义类”体貌副词由于命题焦点指向“事件持续长度或者重复次数”,并非事件本身,因此没有极性敏感性。当用Israel(1998,2001,2004,2011)的梯级模型来分析事件的体貌梯级时,我们发现用“时间的早晚”作为“量值”加入事件体貌梯级的逻辑运算存在一些问题,比如难以确定“早晚”的量值,而且总结出的梯级逻辑也比较混乱,缺乏统一性和概括性。本文认为信息论中“事件的先验概率”与信息量的函数关系可以较好地解释事件的体貌梯级。信息论的基本思想是概率越小的事件发生后解除的不确定性越多,提供的信息量越大。我们用信息论的这一原理修正Israel提出的基于量值的梯级模型,把它提升为基于概率的梯级模型,其推理逻辑为：若肯定概率较小的事件,则也肯定概率较大的事件；若否定概率较大的事件,则也否定概率较小的事件。在体貌表达中,事件发生的先验概率和“时间的长短”以及“期待”有关,一般来说,在常规期待中,时间越短,例外事件发生的机会和概率越小,事件就越可能保持先前的状态,时间越长,例外事件发生的机会和概率就越大,事件就越不可能保持原来的状态。强调型极性词要想获得强调的效果,就必须寻求最大的自信息,因此它们必须描述概率极小的事件,即对极不可能发生的事件要进行肯定,对极有可能发生的事件要进行否定。“已经”和“还”都在句中起加强语气的作用,表达事件或状态出乎意料,与期待相反。由于“已经”和“还”的[±变化]语义特征,导致了它们在[±持续性]两种情状类型中对立互补的极性分布,具体说明如下： “已经”具有[+变化]的语义特征,由于语义相容与否的关系,它在[-持续性]情状中呈现正极性分布,在[+持续性]情状中呈现负极性分布,遵循的梯级逻辑是：在[-持续性]情状中,肯定概率较小的事件(较短时间内状态就发生了改变)来衍推所有其他概率比它大的事件(较长时间内状态发生了改变),如由“三岁的时候他就已经会背唐诗了”可以推知“他三岁以后都会背唐诗”；在[+持续性]情状中,否定概率较大的事件(较短时间内状态保持先前的样子)来否定所有其他概率比它小的事件(较长时间内状态仍保持先前的样子),如由“这种生意我早在十年前就已经不做了”可以推知“我五年前也早不做这种生意了”。 “还”具有[-变化]的语义特征,它在[+持续性]情状中呈现正极性分布,在[-持续性]情状中呈现负极性分布,遵循的梯级逻辑是：在[+持续性]情状中,肯定概率较小的事件(较长时间内事件仍保持先前的状态)来衍推所有其他概率比它大的事件(较短时间内事件保持先前的状态),如由“他半夜还在看书”可以推知“他晚上八点一定也在看书”；在[-持续性]情状中,否定概率较大的事件(较长时间内状态发生了改变)来否定所有其他概率比它小的事件(较短时间内状态发生了改变),如由“都下午两点了,他还没有到上海”可以推知“下午一点的时候他没有到上海”。本文的理论意义有三点。其一,对汉语体貌副词做了全面的考察,按照它们的体功能把汉语体貌副词进行了分类,并以“已经”和“还”为例,详细阐释了“非持续类”体貌副词和“持续类”体貌副词在[±持续性]两种情状中的极性分布规律以及梯级逻辑。其二,从体貌副词的语义出发,结合语境、语用关联等来探讨极性体貌副词的梯级逻辑。其三,修改了Israel关于yet和anymore的错误分析,从信息论的角度出发,把Israel的基于量值的梯级模型提升为基于概率的梯级模型,并把时间的参数加入梯级模型的运算,构建了事件的体貌梯级逻辑。本文的章节安排如下：第一章,介绍体、体貌副词和体貌副词的临时极性特征。第二章,针对本文研究对象,对近年来国内外学者研究极性体貌副词的情况进行回顾和评述。第三章,把Israel的基于量值的梯级模型提升为基于概率的梯级模型,构建一个基于概率的事件的体貌梯级。第四章,分析“非持续类”体貌副词“已经”的极性敏感特征。第五章,分析“持续类”体貌副词“还”的极性敏感特征。第六章,结语,总结本文的观点。
[Abstract]:This paper studies the polarity sensitive features of the Chinese appearance adverbs and explores the temporary polarity characteristics of the Chinese polar adverbs (positive and negative words) and the cascade logic that causes this temporary polarity feature. It mainly focuses on the "non continuous" Adverbs "already" and "continuous" Adverbs "return". Sexual characteristics are that they are not polar words, but show different polarity characteristics in different contexts.
In this paper, we find that the "non continuous" adverb and the "continuous" Adverb have the polarity distribution characteristics of the opposite and complementary in the two kinds of love forms, that is, the "non persistent" adverb is used to show positive polarity when used in the [- persistent] love shape, and is negative in the [+ persistent] situation; "continuous" body is a "continuous" body. The appearance adverb presents negative distribution in the [- persistent] love shape, and it presents positive distribution in the [+ persistent] love form; and the "quantified" adverb is not an event itself because the focus of the proposition points to "the length of the event or the number of repetitions", and therefore has no polarity sensitivity.
When the Israel (1998200120042011) cascade model is used to analyze the physical appearance of events, we find that there are some problems in the logical operation of the logical operation of the physical appearance of the event as "the amount of time" as a "quantity value". For example, it is difficult to determine the value of "early and evening", and the cascade logic is also confused and lacks unity. Generality.
This paper holds that the "priori probability of events" and the function relation of information quantity in information theory can better explain the appearance ladder of events. The basic idea of information theory is that the more uncertainty the less probability is, the more information it provides, the greater the amount of information is provided. We use this principle of information theory to modify the value based on Israel. The ladder model is promoted to a cascade model based on probability. The reasoning logic is that if the probability is smaller, the larger event is affirmed, and if the event is larger, the probability of the event is also negative.
In the expression, the priori probability of event occurrence is related to "the length of time" and "expectation". Generally speaking, the shorter the time and the smaller the probability and probability of the exception event in the conventional expectation, the more likely the event will be to maintain the previous state, the longer the time, the greater the chance and probability of the occurrence of the event, the less the event is. It is possible to maintain the original state. In order to gain the emphasis of the emphasis, the emphasis must seek the maximum self information, so they have to describe an event with minimal probability, that is, an event that is extremely unlikely, an event that is very likely to happen. "Already" and "return" are both in the sentence. The effect of gas, the expression of events or states, is unexpected and contrary to expectation. Because of the semantic features of "already" and "return", they lead to the polarity distribution of their opposites in the two types of love forms, which are as follows:
"Already" has the semantic features of [+ change]. Because of the relation of semantic compatibility or not, it presents a positive distribution in the [- persistent] love form, and presents a negative distribution in the [+ persistent] love form. The ladder logic follows is that in the [- persistent] love situation, the less probability events (the states in a shorter time have changed) to evolve. Push all the other events larger than it (the longer the state of the time changes), such as "he will back the Tang poem at the age of three." he can deduce that "he will back the Tang poetry after he is three years old"; in a [+ persistent] love affair, negating the probability of a larger event (the state of the short interval remains earlier) to negate all of it He had a smaller probability than it was (a longer state of the previous state), such as "I had not done this business ten years ago," and it could be known that "I did not do this five years ago."
"Also" has the semantic features of [- change], which presents positive and negative distribution in the [+ persistent] love form, and the ladder logic follows in the [- persistent] love pattern. In the [+ persistent] love situation, the smaller probability events (the events in a long time still remain the previous state) to derive all the other probability than it is larger than it. An event (an event in a shorter time), such as "he is still reading in the middle of the night", can be known, "he must be reading at eight at night"; in a [- persistence] love affair, negating the probability of a larger event (a change in a longer state) to deny the other probability of a smaller event (a shorter state of state). It has changed. If he has not arrived in Shanghai by two o'clock in the afternoon, he can infer that he did not arrive in Shanghai at 1 o'clock in the afternoon.
The theoretical significance of this article is three points.
First, we make a thorough investigation of the Chinese appearance adverbs, classify the Chinese appearance adverbs according to their physical functions, and take "already" and "return" as examples to explain the polarity distribution law of "non continuous" adverbs and the "continuous" adverbs in the two forms of [+ persistence], and the ladder logic.
Secondly, from the semantics of physical adverbs, we discuss the cascade logic of polar adverbs in terms of context and pragmatic relevance.
Thirdly, the error analysis of Israel on yet and anymore is modified. From the point of view of information theory, the cascade model based on the value based value of Israel is upgraded to a cascade model based on probability, and the parameters of the time are added to the operation of the cascade model, and the ladder level logic of the event is built.
The chapters of this article are arranged as follows:
The first chapter introduces the temporary polarity characteristics of body, physical adverbs and body adverbs.
The second chapter, for the purpose of this study, reviews and comments on the research of polar facial adverbs in recent years by scholars at home and abroad.
In the third chapter, the ladder model based on Israel is promoted to a probabilistic ladder model, and a probability based event scale is constructed.
The fourth chapter analyzes the polarity sensitive characteristics of "non continuous" physical adverb "already".
The fifth chapter analyzes the polarity sensitive characteristics of "continuous" body adverb "return".
The sixth chapter, conclusion, summarizes the view of this article.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H146

【参考文献】