焦点敏感算子“only”和“只”的语义研究

发布时间：2018-08-02 08:55

【摘要】：焦点敏感算子能影响句子的焦点选择，它可以通过与句子不同成分相关联来影响句子的真值条件。作为典型的焦点敏感算子，“only”和“只”是最近几十年国内外语言研究者一直关注的热点。本文主要通过对英语中的“only”及汉语中的“只”的语义特征和功能进行描述,分析，来揭示它们在语义焦点、焦点操作域以及量级与非量级用法上的相同点和不同点。本文得出如下结论：首先，在语义焦点方面：当“only”和“只”位于句式[s[only/zhi（you） NP VP]]中时，根据具体的语境，与它们相关联的语义焦点可以是NP中的任意成分，但不能是VP中的其他成分；当“only”和“只”位于句式[s[NP only/zhi VP]]中时，根据具体的语境，与“only”相关联的语义焦点既可以是VP，又可以是NP中的任意成分，而与“只”相关联的语义焦点只能为VP中的任意成分；只有“only”能出现在句式[s[NP VPonly]]中，根据具体的语境，此时与“only”相关联的语义焦点只能为VP中的任意成分。其次，在焦点操作域方面：当“only”和“只”位于位于句式[s[only/zhi（you）NP VP]]中时，它们的焦点操作域都为NP部分，不能覆盖后面的VP部分；当“only”和“只”位于句式[s[NP only/zhi VP]]中时，“only”和“只”的焦点操作域有一些区别，“only”的焦点操作域可以为它后面的VP部分，也可以为它前面的NP部分，而“只”的焦点操作域只能为紧跟其后的VP部分。当“only”出现在句式[s[NP VP only/zhi]]中，此时，它的焦点操作域为它前面的VP部分。最后，在量级和非量级使用方面：“only”和“只”都具有量级和非量级用法，当它们在句中做量级用法时，，其排除的对象是语义焦点所不能蕴含的范围，而在语义焦点蕴含范围内的所有选项都不能被其排除；当它们在句中做非量级用法时，其排除的对象是除语义焦点外的其他任何选项。从这两个焦点敏感算子的对比研究中，我们发现两者在焦点敏感性这一方面具有非常相似之处。尽管如此，它们在语义焦点操作域和语义焦点上还存在一些不同之处。它们的不同之处正体现了两种语言的参数设置的不同。
[Abstract]:Focus sensitive operator can influence the focus selection of sentences, and it can affect the truth conditions of sentences by associating with different components of sentences. As a typical focus sensitive operator, "only" and "only" have been the focus of attention of language researchers at home and abroad in recent decades. In this paper, the semantic features and functions of "only" in English and "only" in Chinese are described and analyzed to reveal the similarities and differences between them in terms of semantic focus, focus operation field, order of magnitude and non-weight usage. The main conclusions are as follows: firstly, in terms of semantic focus: when "only" and "only" are in the sentence [s [only/zhi (you) NP VP], the semantic focus associated with them can be any component of NP according to the specific context. When "only" and "only" are in the sentence [s [NP only/zhi VP], depending on the context, the semantic focus associated with "only" can be either VPs or any component of NP. But the semantic focus associated with "only" can only be any component of VP, and only "can appear in [s [NP VPonly]. According to the specific context, the semantic focus associated with" only "can only be any component of VP. Second, in the focus domain: when "only" and "only" are in the sentence [s [only/zhi (you) NP VP], their focus fields are both NP parts and cannot cover the following VP parts; when "only" and "only" are in the sentence [s [NP only/zhi VP], There are some differences between the focus operation fields of "only" and "only". The focus operation field of "only" can be either the VP part behind it or the NP part before it, while the focus operation field "only" can only be the VP part immediately following it. When "only" appears in the sentence [s [NP VP only/zhi], its focus field is its previous VP section. Finally, in terms of both order of magnitude and non-weight use: "only" and "only" have both orders of magnitude and non-orders of magnitude, and when they use orders of magnitude in a sentence, they exclude objects that the semantic focus cannot contain. All the options within the scope of semantic focus can not be excluded, and when they are used in a sentence, the object excluded is any other option except semantic focus. From the comparative study of these two focus sensitive operators, we find that they are very similar in focus sensitivity. However, there are some differences between semantic focus operation domain and semantic focus. Their differences reflect the differences in parameter settings between the two languages.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H313;H136

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