现代汉语倍数负向表达问题研究

发布时间：2018-08-04 13:41

【摘要】：汉语学界对于“汉语里倍数能否往小里说”的争论由来已久,我们认为这一问题本质上是对“汉语中倍数能否与表‘减少’义的谓词搭配”的讨论。我们把表示倍数往小里说的语法格式称为倍数的负向表达,也即‘减少’义谓词与“倍”的搭配,本文研究的主要问题是现代汉语倍数的负向表达问题。论文的第一章概述了前人有关现代汉语倍数负向表达问题的研究成果。我们首先为倍数的负向表达明确了定义,进而分别从“反驳派”和“支持派”两个阵营出发,较为系统地梳理了近三十年来汉语学界对“‘减少N倍’能否成立”这一问题的研究成果,归纳出了前人研究成果的六个特点,并总结了该问题的研究现状,提出了本文所要解决的主要问题。论文的第二章对现代汉语倍数负向表达格式的结构特点与类型进行了归纳。在结构类型的分类上,我们指出现代汉语倍数的负向表达具有“Vf+(了)+N+倍”常式和“(相)差N倍”、“数倍少／小于”、“(比……)+V,+(了)+N+倍”、“成倍地减少”四种变式,这是本篇论文的创新点之一。在对每种格式中的要素进行分析的过程中,我们重点考察了“减少”义谓词“Vf”进入“Vf+(了)+N+倍”常式的情况和对其他要素的搭配要求,并在前人研究成果的基础上对“减少”义谓词的成员进行了补充,提出动词“缩小、减小、减弱、节省”和形容词“弱、旧”也应该纳入“减少”义谓词的行列中,同时我们也对常式和变式中的其他要素作了分析；在语义类型的分类上,我们指出现代汉语倍数的负向表达分为精确语义类型和模糊语义类型两种,并重点分析了模糊语义类型的特征。在本章中,我们还提出了运用除法法则计算倍数负向表达精确数值的方法。论文的第三章对现代汉语倍数负向表达的合理性进行了论证。本部分是文章的又一个创新之处,我们从五个角度进行了论证工作。首先,我们通过考察“倍”的词汇意义的发展,说明倍数负向表达具备产生的基础,并推演了倍数负向表达从一种格式到多种格式的发展过程,以证明倍数负向表达乃是汉语所固有的形式,本部分在语料整理方面也发现了前人未涉及的新例句；其次,通过对比汉语与英语、俄语、法语、日语、韩语等五种外语在倍数表达上的相似性,寻找人类语言在倍数表达方式上的共同特点,从类型学角度解读现代汉语倍数负向表达的价值,并提出了在语言翻译中保留倍数负向表达翻译的有利之处；第三,论证现代汉语倍数负向表达的较高的语用价值,先以“三个平面”语法观中的“语用选择”原则证实倍数负向表达的合用性,接下来从语言翻译和小学数学教学两个角度论证现代汉语倍数负向表达的积极意义,并探讨了如何在小学数学教学中处理好倍数负向表达的教授问题；第四,我们将汉语中表减量的用法作为研究对象,随机确定了一个考察样本,用数据统计的方式观察倍数的负向表达在汉语中的分布和地位,统计的内容涉及到文体类型、语义类型、著者背景等多方面个性特征；第五,我们从数理逻辑角度引入了两个对倍数负向表达进行逻辑理解的新概念：数学中的“矢量”概念与“维度”概念,以期对解决倍数负向表达的逻辑理解障碍有所帮助。在本章对语料的整理和归纳中,我们不断印证除法法则对于计算倍数负向表达的普适性与高效性。论文的第四章是结语部分,提出了我们对于现代汉语倍数负向表达问题的观点,并对研究成果与心得进行了简单总结。本文所甄选的语料尽量在历时层面上体现汉语不同时期的发展面貌,在共时平面上囊括多个学科领域的知识。语言是一个发展变化的连续统,理论研究应该尊重语言使用的历史和现状,立足于语言实践加以更新和完善,本文所作的研究正是在这一认识前提下完成的。
[Abstract]:There is a long debate in the Chinese language community about whether the number of Chinese in small numbers can be said to the small. We think this is essentially a discussion of "whether the number of Chinese in the Chinese can be reduced to the predicate of the table". The main problem of this study is the negative expression of the multiple of modern Chinese.
The first chapter of the thesis gives an overview of the previous research achievements on multiple negative expression in modern Chinese. First, we define the negative expression of multiple times, and then proceed from the two camps of "refutation" and "support", and systematically comb the Chinese academia for the last thirty years to "reduce N times" or not "." The research results of this problem summed up the six characteristics of the previous research results, and summed up the research status of the problem, and put forward the main problems to be solved in this paper.
The second chapter of the thesis sums up the structural features and types of multiple negative expression formats in modern Chinese. On the classification of structural types, we point out that the negative expression of multiple in modern Chinese has "Vf+ (the) +N+ times" and "(phase) difference N times", "several times less / smaller than", "(ratio.) +V, + (the) +N+ times", "doubly reduced" In the process of analyzing the elements in each form, we focus on the case of "reducing" the "Vf" "Vf" into the "Vf+ (") +N+ times "and the requirements for the collocation of other elements, and on the basis of the previous research results, the members of" reduce "the meaning of the predicate. It is added that the verb "diminish, reduce, weaken, save" and the adjective "weak, old" should also be included in the ranks of "reduced" meaning predicates, and we also analyze the other elements in the normal and variant forms. In the classification of semantic types, we point out that the negative expression of multiple of the multiple of modern Chinese is divided into exact semantic types. Two kinds of fuzzy semantic types and the characteristics of fuzzy semantic types are analyzed. In this chapter, we also propose a method to calculate the exact value of multiple negative expression by the division of division rules.
The third chapter of the thesis demonstrates the rationality of the multiple negative expression in modern Chinese. This part is another innovation of the article. We have carried out a demonstration from five angles. First, by examining the development of the lexical meaning of "times", we show the basis for the negative expression of multiple times and deduce a multiple negative table. The development process from a form to a variety of formats proves that the negative expression is an inherent form of the Chinese language. In this part, new examples are found not involved in the corpus arrangement. Secondly, by comparing the similarities between the Chinese and English, Russian, French, Japanese, Korean and other five foreign languages in multiple expressions, to find a human being. The common characteristics of language in multiple expression means the value of multiple negative expression in modern Chinese from the point of typology, and the advantages of preserving multiple negative expressions in language translation are proposed. Third, the higher pragmatic value of multiple negative expression in modern Chinese is demonstrated in the "three plane" grammatical view. The principle of pragmatic choice confirms the combination of multiple negative expression. Next, we demonstrate the positive meaning of multiple negative expression in modern Chinese from two angles of language translation and primary school mathematics teaching, and discuss how to deal with multiple negative expressions in primary school mathematics teaching. Fourth, we will reduce the usage of the Chinese table. As a study object, a random sample is randomly selected to observe the distribution and status of negative expression in Chinese by data statistics. The contents of statistics involve the types of style, semantic type, the author's background and so on. Fifth, we introduce two negative expressions of multiple numbers from the logical point of view. The new concept of line logic understanding: the concept of "vector" in mathematics and the concept of "dimension" in order to help to solve the logic understanding obstacle of multiple negative expression. In this chapter, we continue to confirm the universality and efficiency of the division rule for the negative expression of calculation multiple.
Chapter 4 is the conclusion of the thesis. We put forward our viewpoints on the negative expression of multiple in modern Chinese, and summarized the research results and achievements.
The corpus selected in this paper reflects the development of different periods of Chinese in the diachronic level and covers the knowledge of many disciplines in the synchronic plane. Language is a continuous development and a continuous system. Theoretical research should respect the history and present situation of language use and update and improve it based on the practice of language. It was done on the premise of this understanding.
【学位授予单位】：浙江师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H146.3

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