当代汉语新词族研究

发布时间：2018-09-05 20:57

【摘要】：类推是语言结构及语言运用中的普遍规律,更是词语构成的重要机制。近年来,汉语新词语中具有“族群化”特征的造词方式值得关注。本文以改革开放后产生的词族及相关新词语为例,研究类推机制作用下的新词族。当代汉语新词族的发展具有动态性,同时具有明显的定位性、生成性、不稳定性、不平衡性。新词族的大量涌现是外部社会原因、内部结构系统关系共同作用的结果,其中语言结构起主导作用。当代汉语新词族的形成主要有三种途径：继承、新造和引进。继承和新造属于自源型,引进属于他源型。由上述三种途径形成的类推结构语义透明度不同：继承型的词族语义透明度较高,其次是新造型词族,引进型词族的语义透明度最低。当代汉语新词族共同语素语义演变主要有语义类化和语义泛化两类。语义类化即在一定指称对象上发现可以类化的特征,从而使共同语素指称范围扩大化。语义泛化是从原义到泛化义的变化过程,主要有辐射式、连锁式、复合式三种方式。另外,词族共同语素与变动语素之间的语义选择表现出单向高搭配性和组配的规则性。同一词族的共同语素与不同语素间深层语义关系并不相同。在使用过程中,当代汉语新词族共同语素的用法得以扩展,功能得以增强。主要表现在共同语素构词能力增强、词性发生演变、外来语素与汉语不断融合等方面。同时,变动语素和共同语素也必然受到语法系统的制约。词族的形成和发展过程并不是简单复制原有的构词模式,而是构词模式发展变异的结果。词族内部的不同成员之间并不完全同质,而是依据同一个词语模式不断扩展出来的辐射结构。这些相互有扩展关系的词语模式之间是一个“族”,构成家族相似系列,呈现家族相似关系。在反映社会发展变化方面,当代汉语新词族更具广泛性、集中性、连贯性和系列性。新词族的语用领域不断扩展,一般都会经历从专用领域向通用领域、从科技、政治、经济等领域到社会生活领域的拓展过程。在扩展过程中,语言与社会生活间的互动得到前所未有的加强。当代汉语新词族的使用也纳入本研究视野。本研究以河南新乡学院师生为对象,采用专项调查形式,通过调查当代汉语新词族知晓率使用率和常用率,揭示新词族使用的社会差异；通过调查不同社会特征(性别、年龄、受教育程度等)语言使用者的语言态度,考察网络传播、受众心理等因素对新词族知晓率和使用率的影响。
[Abstract]:Analogy is a universal rule in language structure and language use, and it is also an important mechanism of word formation. In recent years, Chinese neologisms with the characteristics of "ethnicization" are worthy of attention. Taking the lexical family and related neologisms produced after the reform and opening up as examples, this paper studies the neologisms under the analogizing mechanism. The development of neologism in contemporary Chinese is dynamic, and it has obvious orientation, generative, unstable and unbalanced. The emergence of a large number of neologisms is the result of external social reasons and the interaction of internal structural systems, in which language structure plays a leading role. There are three main ways to form neologism in contemporary Chinese: inheritance, creation and introduction. Inheritance and new creation belong to the self-source type, and the introduction belongs to the other source type. The semantic transparency of the analogy structure formed by the above three approaches is different: the semantic transparency of the inherited word family is higher, the second is the new modeling word family, and the semantic transparency of the imported word family is the lowest. There are two kinds of semantic evolution of common morpheme in contemporary Chinese neologisms: semantic categorization and semantic generalization. Semantic categorization is to find the features that can be classified on a certain reference object, so as to expand the scope of common morpheme reference. Semantic generalization is the process of changing from original meaning to generalization meaning, mainly in three ways: radiation, linkage and compound. In addition, the semantic selection between common morpheme and variable morpheme of lexical family shows unidirectional high collocation and regular matching. The deep semantic relationship between common morpheme and different morpheme of the same word family is different. In the process of use, the usage of common morphemes of neologisms in contemporary Chinese has been expanded and its functions enhanced. It is mainly reflected in the enhancement of common morpheme's word-formation ability, the evolution of part of speech, and the continuous fusion of foreign morpheme and Chinese. At the same time, variable morpheme and common morpheme are bound to be restricted by grammatical system. The formation and development of lexical family is not a simple copy of the original word-formation model, but the result of the development and variation of word-formation pattern. The different members of the lexical family are not homogenous, but the radiation structure is constantly expanded according to the same word pattern. There is a "family" between these extended word patterns, which form a family similarity series and present a family similarity relationship. In reflecting the social development and change, contemporary Chinese neologisms are more extensive, centralized, coherent and serial. The pragmatic field of neologism has been expanded from special field to general field, from science and technology, politics, economy and so on to social life. In the process of expansion, the interaction between language and social life has never been strengthened. The use of neologisms in contemporary Chinese is also included in this study. This research takes the teachers and students of Henan Xinxiang University as the object, adopts the special investigation form, through the investigation contemporary Chinese neologism family awareness rate and the common use rate, reveals the social difference of the neologism family use, through the investigation different social characteristic (gender, age, age), The influence of network communication, audience psychology and other factors on the awareness rate and utilization rate of neologisms was investigated.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H136

【参考文献】