理想化认知模型视角下的搭桥参照现象

发布时间：2018-10-23 19:52

【摘要】：搭桥参照(Bridging Reference)作为一种特殊的回指现象,近几十年受到学者的广泛关注和研究。语言学界对此语言现象持有不同的看法,大家众说纷纭,以至于到现在还没有形成连贯统一的认识。作为语篇连贯的重要手段,搭桥参照的研究也被其他学科广泛关注,心理学视角下的研究就是例证。搭桥参照是回指现象的一个分支,不少学者已经选择各种理论,从不同的角度对其进行了阐释,且涉及语用学,心理学,认知语言学等领域,但这些理论优缺点不一,因而在阐释搭桥假设方面具有不同程度的局限性。搭桥参照和回指现象有所不同,是指话语中照应语(referent)同先行语(antecedent)之间没有直接联系的一种特殊的参照形式。到目前为止,对搭桥参照的研究模式不尽相同,且其中最有影响力的研究模式主要有：新旧契约论(Given-New Contract),话题/焦点模式(Topic/Focus Model),情景模式(Scenario-based Model)以及关联模式(Relevance Model)。然而在具体的搭桥参照释义过程中,上述几种模式都有或多或少的问题存在,例如怎样在众多待选回指激活项中如何选取最佳激活项,或过分强调常规关系等等。基于此,本文从认知科学的角度,旨在研究英语对话和篇章中搭桥参照现象的认知机制。认知语言学是一门“以人为本”的语言理论,是基于我们对世界的经验以及我们对世界感知和概念化的方法来研究语言的。认知语言学认为语言与人的身体经验和认知有密切的联系,语言能力是人类认知能力的重要组成部分,而语言的出现和进化又会反过来促进了人类认知的发展。20世纪80年代,语言学家Lakoff提出了理想化认知模型理论(Idealized Cognitive Model,简称ICM),用来解释认知语言学中个十分重要的概念,即人类的范畴化问题,包括语义范畴和概念化的问题。根据他的理论,ICM是指在特定文化背景下,说话人对其中的知识和经验的抽象的,理想化的描述,且是建立在许多认知模型上的复杂的,统一的完形结构(a gestalt),其主要运用四种原则建构起来：命题结构原则,意象图式原则,隐喻映射原则和转喻映射原则。本篇论文就是在ICM理论框架下,通过系统描述ICM理论的四种原则来阐释搭桥参照现象。理想化认知模型是人类最重要的认知结构,且此前很少有学者运用ICM理论解释搭桥参照现象。实际上作者认为ICM具有强大的解释力,能够更好地诠释搭桥参照。因此,本篇文章根据语篇中照应语和先行词的语义关系,将搭桥参照分为五类,分别为上下义关系,包含关系,行动-结果关系,整体-部分关系以及物体-成分关系,并运用ICM理论的四原则分别举例阐释。此外,本文还将ICM解释方法和图景理论相比较,并在ICM理论的多样性和理想性弥补图景理论不足方面做了尝试性探究。
[Abstract]:As a special anaphora phenomenon, bypass reference (Bridging Reference) has been widely studied by scholars in recent decades. The linguists hold different views on this linguistic phenomenon, and there are different opinions, so far there is no coherent understanding. As an important means of discourse coherence, the study of bridging reference has been widely concerned by other disciplines, as exemplified from the perspective of psychology. Bypass reference is a branch of anaphora phenomenon. Many scholars have chosen various theories to explain them from different angles, and they involve the fields of pragmatics, psychology, cognitive linguistics and so on, but these theories have different advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, there are some limitations in interpreting bypass hypothesis. The phenomenon of bridge reference and anaphora is different from that of anaphora, which means that there is no direct connection between anaphora (referent) and antecedent (antecedent) in discourse. So far, the research models of the bridge reference are different, and the most influential research models are: Given-New Contract), topic / focus Model (Scenario-based Model) and relevance Model (Relevance Model). The main research models are: Given-New Contract), topic / focus Model (Scenario-based Model) and relevance Model (Relevance Model).), among which the most influential research models are: Given-New Contract), topic / focus Model (Scenario-based Model) and relevance Model (Relevance Model). However, in the process of bridge bypass reference interpretation, there are more or less problems in the above models, such as how to select the best activation item among the many selected anaphora activation items, or how to emphasize the conventional relationship too much, and so on. From the perspective of cognitive science, this paper aims to study the cognitive mechanism of English dialogue and bridging reference phenomenon in English discourse. Cognitive linguistics is a "people-oriented" language theory, which is based on our experience of the world and our perception and conceptualization of the world. Cognitive linguistics holds that language is closely related to human body experience and cognition. Language competence is an important part of human cognitive ability, and the emergence and evolution of language will in turn promote the development of human cognition. Lakoff, a linguist, put forward an idealized cognitive model theory called ICM), which is used to explain a very important concept in cognitive linguistics, that is, the categorization of human beings, including semantic categorization and conceptualization. According to his theory, ICM is an abstract, idealized description of the knowledge and experience of the speaker in a particular cultural context, and is complex based on many cognitive models. The unified Gestalt structure (a gestalt),) is constructed according to four principles: propositional structure principle, image schema principle, metaphorical mapping principle and metonymy mapping principle. Under the framework of ICM theory, this paper systematically describes the four principles of ICM theory to explain the phenomenon of bypass reference. Idealized cognitive model is the most important cognitive structure of human beings, and few scholars used ICM theory to explain the phenomenon of bridging reference. In fact, the author thinks that ICM has strong explanatory power and can better interpret bypass reference. Therefore, according to the semantic relationship between anaphora and anaphora in the text, this paper divides the bridging reference into five categories, namely, the upper and lower semantic relationship, the action-result relationship, the whole-part relationship and the object-component relationship. The four principles of ICM theory are illustrated with examples. In addition, this paper compares the ICM interpretation method with the map theory, and makes a tentative study on the diversity and ideality of the ICM theory to make up for the deficiency of the picture theory.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H030

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