汉语焦点标记词“甚至”的句法语义研究

发布时间：2018-11-18 07:30

【摘要】：本文旨在研究汉语焦点标记词“甚至”的句法、语义特征。本文研究的理论主要基于Chomsky (1981,1995)的“管约理论”和“光杆理论”；KarttunenPeters(1979)的“辖域理论”和Rooth (1985)的“词汇理论”。本文主要解决如下三个问题： 1.在“甚至+动词短语”结构中，“甚至”是什么句法地位？ 2.“甚至+动词短语”结构的信息结构如何体现? 3.汉语中的“甚至”包含哪些语义特征？本文主要分析在“甚至+动词短语”结构中“甚至”的句法地位，该结构不涉及任何移位，焦点包含在“甚至”所涵盖的辖域范围内。在本文中，“甚至+动词短语”中的“甚至”被认为占据焦点短语中心语的位置，由于其焦点特征不强，因此不会引起任何成分移位。“甚至”所带的焦点必须被其m-统领。在讨论“甚至+都+动词短语”合法，但“*连+都+动词短语”不合法的结构时，分析“连”作为一个焦点标记词，不能独立和“都”连用；“甚至”区别于“连”，，可以和“都”直接连用。本文认为，在“甚至+都+动词短语”的结构中，“都”是焦点短语的中心语，“甚至”作为一个副词短语附接在以“都”为中心语的焦点短语的指示语位置。“甚至+动词短语”结构中，焦点需要重音来体现，从结构上无法判断出焦点。本文提出此结构中的焦点应属于信息焦点。此焦点做为句子中最突出的部分，带有[+突出]的特征。 “甚至”所标记的焦点通常会引发极性意义。“甚至”既可以出现在肯定句中，也可以出现在否定句中。它所带焦点的语用极性位置的高低与它所处的环境有关。在肯定句中，“甚至”所带焦点通常位于极性的最底端；否定句中，由于否定词有极性逆转的功能，无论“甚至”是出现在主句中还是从句中，“甚至”所带的焦点则由最底端转换到了最高端。通过比较，本文认为“辖域理论”更适合用于解释“甚至”。 “甚至”的句法结构为“甚至”和希腊语中表“甚至”的“Akomi ke”的跨语言研究提供了可能。“甚至”和“Akomi ke”都属于附加焦点标记词，但是在许多语义方面却存在差异。通过对比分析两种焦点标记词的相同和不同之处，本文最终得出了汉语“甚至”的语义逻辑式。
[Abstract]:The purpose of this paper is to study the syntactic and semantic features of Chinese focus marker "even". The theories studied in this paper are mainly based on Chomsky's "reduction theory" and "bare pole theory" (; KarttunenPeters (1979) and Rooth's "vocabulary theory" (1985). This paper mainly solves the following three problems: 1. What is the syntactic position of "even" in the "even verb phrase" structure? 2. How does the information structure of "even verb phrase" structure reflect? 3. What semantic features does "even" contain in Chinese? This paper mainly analyzes the syntactic position of "even" in the structure of "even verb phrase", which does not involve any shift, and the focus is contained in the scope of "even". In this paper, the "even" in "even verb phrase" is considered to occupy the position of the focus phrase center, because its focus feature is not strong, so it will not cause any component shift. The focus of "even" must be m- dominated. In the discussion of the illegitimate structure of "even the verb phrase", but the "lien-du" verb phrase, it is analyzed that "Lian", as a focus marker, cannot be used independently and "both"; "even" is different from "Lian" and can be used directly with "du". This paper holds that in the structure of "even the verb phrase", "du" is the central word of the focus phrase, and "even" as an adverb phrase is attached to the deixis of the focus phrase with "du" as the central word. In "even verb phrase" structure, the focus needs to be reflected by stress, and the focus cannot be judged structurally. This paper proposes that the focus of this structure should belong to the information focus. This focus, as the most prominent part of the sentence, is characterized by "highlight". The focal point marked by "even" usually leads to polar meaning. Even can appear in both positive and negative sentences. The position of pragmatic polarity is related to its environment. In positive sentences, the focus of "even" usually lies at the bottom of polarity; In negative sentences, because negative words have the function of reversal of polarity, no matter whether "even" appears in the main sentence or clause, the focus of "even" is shifted from the bottom to the top. By comparison, the author thinks that the theory of domain is more suitable for interpretation of "even". The syntactic structure of "even" provides the possibility for cross-linguistic study of "even" and "Akomi ke" in Greek. "even" and "Akomi ke" belong to additional focus markers, but there are many semantic differences. By contrasting and analyzing the similarities and differences between the two focus markers, this paper finally comes to the semantic logic of "even" in Chinese.
【学位授予单位】：湖南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H146

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