《五灯会元》比拟句式研究

发布时间：2019-03-20 14:14

【摘要】：本文穷尽性描写了南宋时期禅宗语录《五灯会元》中比拟句式的使用情况，构建了《五灯会元》比拟句式系统，从共时的角度揭示了《五灯会元》比拟句式的特点，并从历时的角度考察了各类比拟句式的来源、演变。《五灯会元》中比拟句式的类型主要有“似”类比拟句式，“如”类比拟句式，“犹”类比拟句式，“比”类比拟句式，“若”类比拟句式，“同”类、“像”类比拟句式，“与”类比拟句式和糅合式比拟句式等。从句式形式看，《五灯会元》中的比拟句式有两种形式，一种是比拟句式“X如Y然/也/矣/耳”，但已极少见，而相对多的是由比拟动词“似、如、犹如”等构成的比拟句式。从产生时代看，，《五灯会元》中的比拟句式可以分为上古、中古产生的和唐宋以来新产生的这样三个具有不同时代层次的句式系统，继承中有发展。上古、中古产生的比拟句式在《五灯会元》中占据着主导地位，这点主要表现在数量上，数量是唐宋以来新产生的比拟句式的2.5倍，因而继承多于发展。从构成上看，《五灯会元》中比拟句式的结构比过去复杂，本体X和拟体Y不仅有名词性成分也可为动词性成分，甚至扩展为短语。从出现频率看，《五灯会元》中的比拟句式“X如Y”是此期出现频率最高的比拟句式，高达274例。比拟句式“X似Y”、“X Adv似Y”、“X犹是Y”、“X犹如Y”和“X如Y相似”是此期出现频率居高的比拟句式，比拟句式“X若Y”和“X同/同于Y”是此期出现频率不算高的比拟句式，而其他的比拟句式出现的频率则很低，均在10例（包括10例）以下。在语法功能方面，《五灯会元》中比拟句式中动宾结构“比拟动词+Y”或“比拟动词+Y相似”在句中主要是做谓语，也有偶做状语的。从发展趋势上看，通过与唐宋禅宗文献《祖堂集》、《景德传灯录》、《古尊宿语录》和南宋儒家语录《朱子语类》的比较，可以看出，《五灯会元》中的比拟句式的使用频率呈逐渐上升的趋势。《五灯会元》中的比拟句式“X似Y无异”、“X如Y然/也/矣/耳”、“X喻若Y”、“X有若Y”、“X拟比Y”、“X与Y等”和“X有若Y相似”没有沿用到现代汉语中，糅合式比拟句式“X似Y相似”、“X Adv似Y相似”、“X如Y相似”和“X Adv如Y相似”也没有沿用到现代汉语中，不过，它们发展到现代汉语都最终演变成“像X似的”等比拟句式，而其他的比拟句式都沿用到了现代汉语中。
[Abstract]:This paper gives a thorough description of the usage of the comparative sentence pattern in the Zen motto of the Southern Song Dynasty, and constructs the system of the analogy sentence pattern, and reveals the characteristics of the comparison sentence pattern from the synchronic point of view. And from the diachronic point of view, this paper examines the origin and evolution of all kinds of comparative paraphernalia. In "Wujianghui Yuan," there are mainly "similar" analogies, "such as" analogy "," Yu "," bi "," if "," same ", and" similar, "and" similar "," similar ". The analogy between "and" is compared with that of the mashup and so on. From the point of view of sentence form, there are two forms of analogy sentence pattern in Wujianhui Yuan. One is more than the similar sentence pattern "X such as Yiran / Yi / ear", but it is very rare, and relatively more is by the analogy verb "similar, like, for example," in comparison with the sentence pattern "X such as Yiran / ear". A similar sentence pattern, such as a "similar sentence" composed of "etc." From the point of view of the generation times, the comparative sentence patterns in Wudenghui Yuan can be divided into the ancient times, the middle ancient generation and the new generation since the Tang and Song dynasties, which have three different levels of sentence patterns, and there is a development in the inheritance. In the ancient times, the analogy patterns produced in the Middle antiquity occupied a dominant position in Wudenghui Yuan, which was mainly manifested in the quantity. The quantity was 2.5 times that of the similar sentence pattern since the Tang and Song dynasties, so the inheritance was more than the development. In terms of composition, the structure of the quasi-sentence is more complex than in the past. Noumenon X and Noumenon Y are not only nominative but also verb-like, even extended to phrases. From the appearance frequency, the analogy sentence pattern "X such as Y" in "five Lantern meeting Yuan" is the highest frequency analogy sentence pattern in this period, up to 274 cases. The analogy sentence pattern "X like Y", "X Adv like Y", "X is still Y", "X like Y" and "X like Y" are the high frequency analogy sentence patterns in this period. "X if Y" and "X are the same as Y" are not high frequency in this period, but the frequency of other analogy patterns is very low, both of which are less than 10 cases (including 10 cases). In the aspect of grammatical function, the verb-object structure of "analogy verb Y" or "analogy verb Y similarity" is mainly used as predicate and occasional adverbial in the verb-object structure of "Wuyuanhui Yuan" in the sentence pattern of "analogy verb Y" or "analogy verb Y similarity". As far as the development trend is concerned, it can be seen from the comparison with Zen documents of Tang and Song dynasties, Zutang Collection of Tang and Song dynasties, Book of Lights of Jingdezhuan, quotation of Ancient Zhonghu, and Confucian quotation of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Zi language Category. The frequency of comparing sentence patterns in Wudang meeting Yuan is increasing gradually. "X looks like Y", "X is Y", "X looks like Y". "X Adv Y", "X and Y et al." and "X if Y similarity" have not been used in modern Chinese, and "X is Y similar", "X similar to Y", "X similar to Y" and "X similar to Y". "X-like Y similarity" and "X-Adv such as Y-similarity" have not been used in modern Chinese either. However, they developed to modern Chinese and eventually evolved into "X-like" similar sentence patterns, while other analogical sentence patterns have been used in modern Chinese.
【学位授予单位】：温州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H146

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