钱大昕小学研究

发布时间：2019-06-17 08:09

【摘要】：钱大听为一代鸿儒,淹博的学识和精辟的论断奠定了其崇高的学术地位。他不但以小学治经,以小学治史,而且在文字、音韵、训诂方面都提出了自己独到的见解。研究钱大昕的著述,总结其学术成就,分析其学术渊源和学术得失,对于研究清代学术,乃至于整个学术发展史,有着重要的意义。两百余年来,学界对钱大昕的研究取得了丰硕的成果。但对于钱氏小学的研究,显得不够系统和深入,故需进一步探讨。钱氏关于小学的论述可分为文字、音韵、训诂三个方面。通过对每类材料的分析,可知钱氏之小学研究在当时的独树一帜,尽管有其不足之处。从传统小学来看,钱氏的研究有其特殊的贡献。钱大昕对小学的阐发,纵横上下。因此,研究钱氏小学,采用共时研究与历时研究相结合的方法,是必要的,也是可行的,这样才能对钱氏小学作一个较全面的描述和评价。有关钱氏的音韵学材料,繁复而又分散,故又必须进行整合、统计,采用语料库分析的方法,从分析中揭示其事实,从而得出结论。全文分为四个部分。第一章阐述钱大昕的生平及其著述,这是明其学术渊源,搜集材料的基础。第二章研究钱大昕的文字学,主要对钱氏《说文》学和金石文字学展开讨论。第三章和第四章研究钱大听的音韵训诂学,是文章的重点。因为钱氏训诂学的特色是以双声为核心的转音训诂,故将音韵、训诂合二为一,方便论述。钱大昕对《说文》的研究,包括对《说文》举一反三之例,《说文》连篆读之例,《说文》读若之例,《说文》收字等的论述,都是具有独创性的。其论断一经提出,便引起了《说文》研究界的广泛响应,产生了很好的学术效应,推动了清代《说文》学的发展。其金石之学,善于从文字音韵训诂入手,正确释读金石文字。又继承了宋代金石文字学的优良传统,通过金石整理实践,总结出了金石括例,并将金石文字与传世典籍进行互证。钱大昕的音韵学,以古声纽研究为主,并涉及古韵类及古声调。古声纽的结论主要有六条：古无轻唇；古无舌上；古人多舌音；古影喻晓匣不甚区别；古无牙音；古无心审之别。学界常对此结论尤其是前两条赞誉过高,认为是钱氏独创。研究发现,后三条才是钱氏的独创。就现有材料来看,钱氏的有些表述还不够清晰,但为后世的研究开辟了路径。前三条并不是钱氏的独创,前贤戴侗、陈第、方以智和清代的顾炎武、柴绍炳、黄生、李光地、王霖苍、徐用锡、江永等人已经言及。无论是钱氏的研究方法还是支撑材料,都有借鉴的痕迹。音韵史上长期将功劳归功于钱大听是不太符合史实的,唯较之前人,钱氏的论说更为具体、全面。后人如李元、夏燮、邹汉勋等人辑录的材料也可进一步补充论证钱说的某些方面。在综合钱氏论说的基础上,文章将钱氏古声纽归纳为十七纽。钱大昕最突出的贡献之一便是把古声纽研究的成果应用到了韵读和训诂中,在前人研究的基础上,提出了以双声为核心兼及韵类的转音说。钱氏转音说是对传统转音说的进一步发展和完善。从音理分析和文献例证来看,其说在解决出韵问题时,的确有别于方音说和合韵说,基本符合古代语言事实。通过双声这条纽带,疑难字词得到了训释,艰涩难懂的前人训诂也得以被梳理。钱氏是清代开一代双声训诂风气的学者之一,转音说的提出,使双声训诂有了一个初步可依的章法,后人在此基础上加大了对双声训诂的研究。但其转音说也存在着重声轻韵,术语应用不够规范等问题。文章还结合钱氏古声纽说,构拟出了钱氏双声转音图。
[Abstract]:Qian Da listened to the high degree of academic status of the generation of the generation of the great Confucianism, the inundation of the knowledge and the incisive assertion. He is not only in the primary school, but also in the history of the primary school, but also has put forward his unique opinions in the aspects of the characters, the phonology and the training. It is of great significance to study the writing of Qian Daxin, to sum up its academic achievements, to analyze its academic origin and academic and loss, and to study the academic history of the Qing Dynasty. Over the last two hundred years, the academic circle has made great progress in the research of Qian Daxin Fruit. But for the study of Qian's primary school, it is not systematic and in-depth, so it is necessary to further explore The discussion of Qian's on primary school can be divided into three parts: character, phonology and training. On the other hand, through the analysis of each type of material, it can be seen that Qian's primary school is unique in the time, although it is not enough From the traditional elementary school, Qian's study has its special tributaries. A. Qian Daxin's explanation of primary school, longitudinal Therefore, in the study of Qian's primary school, it is necessary and feasible to study Qian's primary school, which can be a more comprehensive description of Qian's primary school. and the method of corpus analysis is adopted, and the fact is revealed from the analysis, so that Conclusion. Full text In the first chapter, the author expounds the life and the writing of Qian Daxin, which is the academic origin, the collection and the collection. On the basis of material, the second chapter studies the text of Qian Daxin, mainly for Qian's study and the litmus text. The third chapter and the fourth chapter are the study of the phonological and phonological training of the great listening. The main point of the article is that the characteristics of Qian's training and learning are the two-sound and the core-based rotary-tone training, so the phonology and the training are integrated into one. It is convenient to discuss. Qian Dxin's research on the "Shuowen", including the case of "Shuowen" and "one anti-three", "Shuowen" and "reading", "Shuowen" and "reading", and the discussion of "Shuowen" and the closing word, etc. It's original. Once it is put forward, it causes a wide response to the study circle, which has produced a good academic effect and promoted the Qing Dynasty. The development of learning and learning. The study of the litmus of the stone is good at starting from the phonological and phonological training. It has also succeeded in the fine tradition of the stone and stone of the Song Dynasty, and through the practice of the litmus of the litmus, the stone and stone of the stone and the writing of the stone and stone were summarized. As a result, the study of the phonology of Qian Doxin is the main part of the study of the ancient Chinese and the study of the ancient Chinese. To deal with the ancient Chinese and the ancient tones. The old and new conclusions are mainly six: the ancient and the non-light lips; the ancient tongue; the ancient and the tongue; the ancient shadow is not very different from the one; the old one is not very different from the old one. No, no, no, no. High, it's money's original. The study found that, Three are the original of Qian's. As far as the existing materials are concerned, some of Qian's statements are not clear yet, but for the latter part, The research of the world opens up the path. The first three are not the original of Qian's, the former Xian Dai, Chen first, Fang Yizhi and the Qing Dynasty's Gu Yanwu, Chai Shaoqi, Huang Sheng, Li Guangdi, Wang Lin, Xu with the tin No matter how the money's research method or the support material, There are traces of reference. The long-term credit in the history of phonology can be attributed to the fact that the money is not too consistent with the historical facts, but the previous one, Qian's The theory is more concrete and comprehensive. The materials of the later generations such as Li Yuan, Xia Yi and Zou Han-xun can be further supplemented On some aspects of the theory of money, on the basis of the theory of comprehensive Qian's theory, the article will pay the money One of the most outstanding contributions of Qian Da-xin is to apply the results of the study of the ancient sound to the rhyming and training, and on the basis of the previous studies, a double-sound is put forward. For the core and the transliteration of the rhymes, the Qian's turn is to the tradition. The further development and improvement of the sound theory, from the analysis of the sound and the case of the literature, said that in the resolution of the problem of the rhyme, it is different from the phonology and the combination. It is basically in accordance with the facts of ancient language. Through the two-voice link, the difficult words have been exiled, difficult and difficult to understand. The former scholars of the Qing Dynasty were also able to be sorted out. Qian's is one of the scholars in the Qing Dynasty, one of the scholars of the two-voice training and culture, and the suggestion that the two-voice training system has a preliminary basis, and the later generations are on the basis of this. The study of the double-sound system is enlarged, but the sound of the sound of the two-sound training is also emphasized. The term application is not standard, and so on. The article also combines with Qian's ancient saying,
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H111

【参考文献】